Joe Biden Gold Silber Münze Karte Flaggen US-Präsident Autogramm Trump Americana 2024

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Verkäufer: anddownthewaterfall ✉️ (33.565) 99.8%, Artikelstandort: Manchester, Take a look at my other items, GB, Versand nach: WORLDWIDE, Artikelnummer: 364803324642 Joe Biden Gold Silber Münze Karte Flaggen US-Präsident Autogramm Trump Americana 2024. Joe Biden Silver & Gold Plated Coin This is a commemorative Coin of the Next US President Joe Biden It has an image of Joe and his Vice President Kamala Harris It has his election logo Biden Harris 2020 It has both their names and signatures with the Stars and Stripes USA Flag It also has the American Eagle Logo and the White House on the White House is the Election Result Biden 306 Trump 232  It also has the words 46th President The back as a map of the USA with each State represented with its own flag The Dimensions are 60 mm x 40 mm and it is made of Tin and weights 21 grams In Excellent Condition Starting at a Penny...With No Reserve..If your the only bidder you win it for 1p....Grab a Bargain!!!! Would make an Excellent Gift or Collectable Keepsake souvenir of a great man
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Joe Biden, byname of Joseph Robinette Biden, (born November 20, 1942, Scranton, Pennsylvania, U.S.), 47th vice president of the United States (2009–17) in the Democratic administration of Pres. Barack Obama. He was elected president of the United States in November 2020. Early Life And Career In The Senate Biden, who was raised in Scranton, Pennsylvania, and New Castle county, Delaware, received a bachelor’s degree from the University of Delaware in 1965 and a law degree from Syracuse University in New York in 1968. During this time he married (1966) Neilia Hunter, and the couple later had three children. Barack Obama and Joe Biden Barack Obama and Joe Biden Barack Obama (left) talking with Joe Biden during a hearing of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, 2005. Shawn Thew—EPA/REX/Shutterstock.com After graduating from law school, Biden returned to Delaware to work as an attorney before quickly turning to politics, serving on the New Castle county council from 1970 to 1972. He was elected to the U.S. Senate in 1972 at the age of 29, becoming the fifth youngest senator in history. About a month later his wife and infant daughter were killed in a car accident, and his two sons were seriously injured. Although he contemplated suspending his political career, Biden was persuaded to join the Senate in 1973, and he went on to win reelection six times, becoming Delaware’s longest-serving senator. In 1977 he married Jill Jacobs, an educator, and they later had a daughter. In addition to his role as U.S. senator, Biden also was an adjunct professor (1991–2008) at the Wilmington, Delaware, branch of the Widener University School of Law. As a senator, Biden focused on foreign relations, criminal justice, and drug policy. He served on the Senate’s Foreign Relations Committee, twice as its chair (2001–03; 2007–09), and on the Committee on the Judiciary, serving as its chair from 1987 to 1995. He was particularly outspoken on issues related to the Kosovo conflict of the late ’90s, urging U.S. action against Serbian forces to protect Kosovars against an offensive by Serbian Pres. Slobodan Milošević. On the Iraq War (2003–11), Biden proposed a partition plan as a way to maintain a united, peaceful Iraq. Biden also was a member of the International Narcotics Control Caucus and was the lead senator in writing the law that established the office of “drug czar,” a position that oversees the national drug-control policy. 2008 Democratic National Convention 2008 Democratic National Convention Michelle and Barack Obama (couple at left) and Jill and Joe Biden at Invesco Field on the final night of the Democratic National Convention in Denver, August 28, 2008. Carol M. Highsmith/Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. Get exclusive access to content from our 1768 First Edition with your subscription. Subscribe today Presidential Runs And Vice Presidency Biden pursued the 1988 Democratic presidential nomination but withdrew after it was revealed that parts of his campaign stump speech had been plagiarized from British Labour Party leader Neil Kinnock without appropriate attribution. His 2008 presidential campaign never gained momentum, and he withdrew from the race after placing fifth in the Iowa Democratic caucus in January of that year. (For coverage of the 2008 election, see United States Presidential Election of 2008.) After Barack Obama amassed enough delegates to secure the Democratic presidential nomination, Biden emerged as a front-runner to be Obama’s vice presidential running mate. On August 23 Obama officially announced his selection of Biden as the Democratic Party’s vice presidential nominee, and on August 27 Obama and Biden secured the Democratic Party’s nomination. On November 4 the Obama-Biden ticket defeated John McCain and his running mate, Sarah Palin, and Biden also easily won reelection to his U.S. Senate seat. He resigned from the Senate post shortly before taking the oath of office as vice president on January 20, 2009. In November 2012 Obama and Biden were reelected for a second term, defeating the Republican ticket of Mitt Romney and Paul Ryan. As vice president, Biden played an active role in the administration, serving as an influential adviser to Obama and a vocal supporter of his initiatives. In addition, he was tasked with notable assignments. He helped avert several budget crises and played a key role in shaping U.S. policy in Iraq. In 2015 his eldest son, Beau, died from brain cancer; Biden recounted the experience in Promise Me, Dad: A Year of Hope, Hardship, and Purpose (2017). Several months later, Biden—who enjoyed high favourability ratings, partly due to a candour and affable manner that resonated with the public—announced that he would not enter the 2016 presidential election, noting that the family was still grieving. Instead, he campaigned for Hillary Clinton, who ultimately lost the election to Donald Trump. Biden’s close relationship with Obama was evident when the latter surprised him with the Presidential Medal of Freedom, with distinction, on January 12, 2017, just days before they left office. When Obama presented the rarely given honour, he referred to Biden as “my brother.” Later that year Biden and his wife established the Biden Foundation, a charitable group involved in various causes. Barack Obama and Joe Biden Barack Obama and Joe Biden Barack Obama (left) and Joe Biden on the White House grounds, May 2009. Photograph by Chuck Kennedy/The White House Presidential Election Of 2020 Biden remained involved in politics and was a vocal critic of Pres. Donald Trump. Biden himself faced censure when, in 2019, various women accused him of inappropriate physical contact, notably hugging and kissing. Although his response was widely derided—“I’m sorry I didn’t understand more.…I’m not sorry for anything that I have ever done. I’ve never been disrespectful intentionally to a man or a woman”—his popularity remained high. Amid growing speculation that he would run for president in 2020, Biden announced his candidacy in April 2019, joining a crowded Democratic field. Biden immediately became a front-runner, and he pursued a platform that was considered moderate, especially as compared with such candidates as Bernie Sanders. A poor performance in the party’s first debate in June 2019, however, raised questions about Biden, and his support dipped. After the first three nomination contests in early 2020, Sanders seemed poised to become the party’s nominee. However, worries about Sanders’s electability in the general election galvanized moderate voters, and in South Carolina in late February Biden won a resounding victory. Numerous candidates subsequently dropped out, and by early March it had become a two-man race between Biden and Sanders. As Biden registered more wins, he soon took a commanding lead in delegates. After the pandemic stalled the race, Sanders dropped out in April, and Biden became the presumptive Democratic nominee. In the ensuing months Biden outlined a platform that included a number of policies that appealed to progressives. He notably supported government aid to low-income communities, ambitious climate change legislation, affordable child care, and the expansion of federal health care plans, such as the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, which had been enacted during Obama’s presidency. During this time, Biden gained a somewhat sizable lead over Trump in nationwide polls, due, in part, to criticism of the president’s response to the pandemic, which had caused an economic downturn that rivaled the Great Depression. In August 2020 Biden chose Kamala Harris as his running mate—she became the first African American woman to appear on a major party’s national ticket—and later that month, he officially was named the Democratic presidential nominee. Although preelection polling had shown Biden with a significant lead in key battleground states, the actual contest proved to be much closer. Nevertheless, Biden and Harris succeeded in rebuilding the so-called “Blue Wall” through the Midwestern Rust Belt states, and on November 7, four days after the election, Biden secured the 270 electoral votes necessary to capture the presidency. The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica This article was most recently revised and updated by Adam Augustyn, Managing Editor, Reference Content. LEARN MORE in these related Britannica articles: United States United States: The 2020 U.S. election …along with former vice president Joe Biden. The Democratic candidates were united on the imperative of defeating Trump, but they clashed over plans to address climate change (notably on the viability of the Green New Deal championed by the party’s left) and health care (principally whether the PPACA should be… Ukraine Ukraine: The election of Volodymyr Zelensky presidential candidate Joe Biden, who had served on the board of one of Ukraine’s largest natural gas companies. Over a month later the military aid was finally released, but, by that point, congressional Democrats were investigating Trump’s alleged attempt to pressure Ukraine. That investigation eventually served as… Barack Obama Barack Obama: The 2012 election …to reach a workable compromise, Biden and Senate Minority Leader Mitch McConnell cobbled together a last-minute agreement that passed the Senate 89–8 and House 257–167 (with 85 Republican votes in the lower chamber) on January 1, 2013. The bill preserved the Bush-era income tax cuts for individuals earning $400,000 or… newsletter icon HISTORY AT YOUR FINGERTIPS Sign up here to see what happened On This Day, every day in your inbox! Email address Email address By signing up, you agree to our Privacy Notice. Learn More! Joe Biden QUICK FACTS Joe Biden View Media Page BORN November 20, 1942 (age 78) Scranton, Pennsylvania TITLE / OFFICE Vice President Of The United States Of America, United States (2009-2017) United States Senate, United States (1973-2009) POLITICAL AFFILIATION Democratic Party ROLE IN Comprehensive Thrift And Bank Fraud Prosecution And Taxpayer Recovery Act AWARDS AND HONORS Presidential Medal Of Freedom (2017) NOTABLE FAMILY MEMBERS Spouse Jill Biden RELATED FACTS AND DATA Hillary Clinton - Facts Barack Obama - Facts View Facts & Data PRESIDENTIAL MEDAL OF FREEDOM ArticleMediaAdditional Info Presidential Medal of Freedom American award     WRITTEN BY Michael Ray Michael Ray oversees coverage of European history and military affairs for Britannica. He earned a B.A. in history from Michigan State University in 1995. He was a teacher in the Chicago suburbs and Seoul,... See Article History Presidential Medal of Freedom, the foremost U.S. civilian decoration, awarded to individuals who have made “an especially meritorious contribution to the security or national interests of the United States, world peace, cultural or other significant public or private endeavors.” Recipients of the award are selected by the president of the United States, with the assistance of the Distinguished Civilian Service Awards Board, an advisory group created in 1957. Although the majority of honorees are U.S. citizens, individuals from other countries are also eligible. Mario Molina receiving the Presidential Medal of Freedom Mario Molina receiving the Presidential Medal of Freedom Mario Molina receiving the Presidential Medal of Freedom from Pres. Barack Obama at the White House, Washington, D.C., 2013. © Rena Schild/Shutterstock.com United States Historical Flag: Stars and Stripes 1863 to 1865 BRITANNICA QUIZ United States of America Quiz How many stripes are on the American flag? Which state has the fewest counties? Sort out the facts in this quiz about the states, stripes, and cities. On July 6, 1945, Pres. Harry S. Truman signed Executive Order 9586, establishing the Medal of Freedom to recognize notable service by civilians during World War II. With Executive Order 11085 (signed February 22, 1963), Pres. John F. Kennedy re-established the award as the Presidential Medal of Freedom and expanded its scope to include cultural achievements. The first recipients, selected by Kennedy, received their medals from his successor, Lyndon B. Johnson, on December 6, 1963, at the White House. Kennedy, who had been assassinated the previous month, was added to the list and granted the Presidential Medal of Freedom posthumously. Paul Harvey receiving the Presidential Medal of Freedom Paul Harvey receiving the Presidential Medal of Freedom Commentator Paul Harvey (left) receiving the Presidential Medal of Freedom from Pres. George W. Bush, in a ceremony held at the White House, Washington, D.C., 2005. Eric Draper/The White House The medal is suspended on a blue ribbon, and it incorporates the colour scheme found on the presidential seal. Its most visible design element is a white star, upon which is centred a collection of 13 smaller gold stars arranged on a field of blue. A red pentagon is set behind the white star, and gold eagles bridge the distance between the points of the star. The recipient’s name is engraved on the reverse side of the medal. In very rare instances a special version of the award, the Presidential Medal of Freedom with Distinction, is presented. 2020 United States presidential election November 3, 2020 538 members of the Electoral College 270 electoral votes needed to win Opinion polls Turnout 66.7% Increase (preliminary)[3]   Joe Biden 2013.jpg Donald Trump official portrait (cropped).jpg Nominee Joe Biden Donald Trump Party Democratic Republican Home state Delaware Florida[b] Running mate Kamala Harris Mike Pence Electoral vote 306[c] 232[c] States carried 25 + DC + NE-02 25 + ME-02 Popular vote 81,268,867 74,216,747 Percentage 51.3% 46.9% ElectoralCollege2020 with results.svg About this image Presidential election results map. Blue denotes states won by Biden/Harris, and red denotes those won by Trump/Pence. Numbers indicate electoral votes cast by each state and the District of Columbia. President before election Donald Trump Republican Elected President Joe Biden Democratic Seal of the President of the United States.svg 2020 U.S. presidential election TimelinePresidential debatesPartiesPolling nationalstatewideNews media endorsements primarygeneralFundraisingRussian interferenceInternational reactionsResult disputesLawsuits pre-electionpost-electionTexas v. PennsylvaniaPresidential electorsPresidential transition Democratic Party PrimariesCandidatesDebatesForumsResultsPositionsPolling nationalstatewideEndorsementsNomineeVP candidate selectionConventionAutomatic delegates Republican Party PrimariesDebatesResultsPollingEndorsementsNomineeConventionReactions to Trump's fraud claims Libertarian Party PrimariesConventionNominee Green Party PimariesDebatesResultsConventionNominee Third parties Third party and independent candidates Related races SenateHouseGovernors ← 2016 2020 2024 → vte The 2020 United States presidential election was the 59th quadrennial presidential election, held on Tuesday, November 3, 2020. The Democratic ticket of former vice president Joe Biden and incumbent U.S. senator from California Kamala Harris defeated the Republican ticket of incumbent president Donald Trump and vice president Mike Pence.[5] Trump became the first U.S. president since 1992 and the eleventh incumbent in the country's history to lose a bid for a second term, and Biden won the largest share of the popular vote against an incumbent since 1932.[6][7][8] The election saw the highest voter turnout since 1900,[9] with each of the two main tickets receiving more than 74 million votes, surpassing Barack Obama's record of 69.5 million votes from 2008. Biden received more than 81 million votes,[10] the most votes ever cast for a candidate in a U.S. presidential election.[11] Trump secured the Republican nomination without serious opposition, while Biden secured the Democratic nomination over his closest rival, Senator Bernie Sanders, in a competitive primary that featured the largest field of candidates for any political party in the modern era of American politics. Biden's running mate, Senator Harris from California, was the first African-American, first Asian-American, and third female[d] vice presidential nominee on a major party ticket. Jo Jorgensen secured the Libertarian nomination with Spike Cohen as her running mate, and Howie Hawkins secured the Green nomination with Angela Nicole Walker as his running mate. Central issues of the election included the public health and economic impacts of the ongoing -19 pandemic; civil unrest in reaction to the killing of George Floyd and others; the U.S. Supreme Court following the death of Ruth Bader Ginsburg and confirmation of Amy Coney Barrett; and the future of the Affordable Care Act.[12] The election saw a record number of ballots cast early and by mail due to the ongoing pandemic.[13] As a result of the large number of mail-in ballots, some swing states saw delays in vote counting and reporting; this led to major news outlets delaying their projection of Biden and Harris as the winners until November 7, four days after the election.[14] Major media networks project a state for a candidate once there is high mathematical confidence that the outstanding vote would be unlikely to prevent the projected winner from ultimately winning that state.[15] Before, during, and after Election Day, Trump and numerous Republicans attempted to subvert the election and overturn the results, falsely alleging widespread voter fraud and trying to influence the vote counting process in swing states.[16][17][18] Officials in each of the 50 states found no evidence of systematic fraud or irregularities in their state.[19] Federal agencies overseeing election security said it was the most secure in American history.[20][21][22] Attorney General William Barr found no evidence of widespread fraud in the election.[23] The Trump campaign and its allies, including Republican members of Congress,[24] still continued to engage in numerous attempts to overturn the results of the election by filing dozens of legal challenges in several states, most of which were dropped or dismissed by various courts,[25][26] spreading conspiracy theories falsely alleging fraud, pressuring Republican state electors and legislators, and refusing to cooperate with the presidential transition in what was described by some as an attempted coup.[27] On multiple occasions, Trump refused to concede and falsely declared himself the winner.[28][29] The election results in each state and D.C. were certified by December 9.[30] The presidential electors formally cast their votes for president and vice president on December 14,[31] and their votes will be officially counted by Congress on January 6, 2021.[32][33] Biden and Harris are scheduled to be inaugurated on January 20, 2021. Contents 1 Background 1.1 Procedure 1.2 Simultaneous elections 2 Nominations 2.1 Democratic Party nomination 2.1.1 Primaries 2.1.2 Vice presidential selection 2.1.3 Nominee 2.1.4 Candidates 2.2 Republican Party nomination 2.2.1 Primaries 2.2.2 Nominee 2.2.3 Candidates 2.3 Other parties and independent candidates 2.3.1 Libertarian Party nomination 2.3.1.1 Nominee 2.3.2 Green Party nomination 2.3.2.1 Nominee 2.3.3 Other third-party and independent candidates 3 General election campaigns 3.1 Ballot access 3.2 Party conventions 3.3 Issues unique to the election 3.3.1 Impeachment 3.3.2 Effects of the -19 pandemic 3.3.3 Foreign interference 3.3.4 Trump's potential rejection of election results 3.3.5 Election delay suggestion 3.3.6 Postal voting 3.3.7 Federal Election Commission issues 3.3.8 Supreme Court vacancy 3.3.9 Pre-election litigation 3.4 Debates 3.5 Polling 3.5.1 Two-way 3.5.2 Four-way 3.5.3 Swing states 3.6 Endorsements 4 Campaign issues 4.1 -19 pandemic 4.2 Economy 4.3 Environment 4.4 Health care 4.5 Racial unrest 5 State predictions 6 Results 6.1 Statistics 6.2 Election night 6.3 Subsequent events 6.4 Election calls 6.5 OSCE election monitoring 6.6 Electoral results 6.7 Results by state 6.8 Close states 6.9 Maps 6.10 Voter demographics 6.10.1 Voting patterns by ethnicity 6.10.1.1 Latino voters 6.10.1.2 Black voters 6.10.1.3 Asian American and Pacific Island voters 6.10.1.4 American Indian and Alaska Native voters 6.11 Viewership 6.12 Polling accuracy 7 Controversies 7.1 Election protests 7.2 False claims of fraud 7.3 Lawsuits 7.3.1 Texas v. Pennsylvania 7.4 Trump's refusal to concede 7.5 GSA delays certifying Biden as president-elect 7.6 Suggestion to have state legislatures choose Electoral College voters 7.7 Attempts to delay or deny election results 7.8 Recounts 8 Electoral votes 9 See also 10 Notes 11 References 12 Further reading 13 External links Background Procedure Further information: United States presidential election § Procedure Article Two of the United States Constitution states that for a person to serve as president, the individual must be a natural-born citizen of the United States, at least 35 years old, and have been a United States resident for at least 14 years. Candidates for the presidency typically seek the nomination of one of the various political parties of the United States. Each party develops a method (such as a primary election) to choose the candidate the party deems best suited to run for the position. The primary elections are usually indirect elections where voters cast ballots for a slate of party delegates pledged to a particular candidate. The party's delegates then officially nominate a candidate to run on the party's behalf. The presidential nominee typically chooses a vice presidential running mate to form that party's ticket, which is then ratified by the delegates at the party's convention (with the exception of the Libertarian Party, which nominates its vice-presidential candidate by delegate vote regardless of the presidential nominee's preference). The general election in November is also an indirect election, in which voters cast ballots for a slate of members of the Electoral College; these electors then directly elect the president and vice president.[34] If no candidate receives the minimum 270 electoral votes needed to win the election, the United States House of Representatives will select the president from the three candidates who received the most electoral votes, and the United States Senate will select the vice president from the candidates who received the two highest totals. The presidential election occurred simultaneously alongside elections for the House of Representatives, Senate, and various state and local-level elections. The Maine Legislature passed a bill in August 2019 adopting ranked-choice voting (RCV) both for presidential primaries and for the general election.[35][36] Governor Janet Mills allowed the bill to become law without her signature, which delayed it from taking effect until after the 2020 Democratic primary in March, but made Maine the first state to use RCV for a presidential general election. The Maine Republican Party filed signatures for a veto referendum and preclude the use of RCV for the 2020 election, but Secretary of State Matthew Dunlap found there were insufficient valid signatures to qualify for the ballot. A challenge in Maine Superior Court was successful for the Maine Republican Party, but the Maine Supreme Judicial Court[37][38] stayed the ruling pending appeal on September 8, 2020.[39] Nevertheless, ballots began being printed later that day without the veto referendum and including RCV for the presidential election,[40][41] and the Court ruled in favor of the Secretary of State on September 22, allowing RCV to be used.[42] An emergency appeal to the Supreme Court was denied on October 6.[43] Implementation of RCV could potentially delay the projection of the winner(s) of Maine's electoral votes for days after election day[44] and may complicate interpretation of the national popular vote.[45] The law continues the use of the congressional district method for the allocation of Maine's electors (Nebraska is the only other state that apportions its electoral votes this way).[46] On December 14, 2020, pledged electors for each candidate, known collectively as the United States Electoral College, gathered in their states' capitals to cast their official votes. Pursuant to the processes laid out by the Electoral Count Act of 1887, certificates of ascertainment listing the names of the electors and separate certificates recording their votes are distributed to various officials across the branches of government.[47][48] The newly elected Congress will meet in joint session to formally open the certificates and count the votes on January 6, 2021, with the sitting vice president (in his role as president of the Senate) presiding over the session. Simultaneous elections Further information: 2020 United States Senate elections and 2020 United States House of Representatives elections The presidential election occurred simultaneously with elections to the Senate and the House of Representatives. Gubernatorial and legislative elections were also held in several states. For the subsequent election, the United States House will redistribute the seats among the 50 states based on the results of the 2020 United States Census, and the states will conduct a redistricting of Congressional and state legislative districts. In most states, the governor and the state legislature conduct the redistricting (although some states have redistricting commissions). Often, a party that wins a presidential election experiences a coattail effect that also helps other candidates of that party win elections.[49] Therefore, the party that wins the 2020 presidential election could also win a significant advantage in drawing new Congressional and state legislative districts that would stay in effect until the 2032 elections.[50] Nominations Democratic Party nomination Main articles: 2020 Democratic Party presidential primaries and 2020 Democratic National Convention Primaries In August 2018, the Democratic National Committee voted to disallow superdelegates from voting on the first ballot of the nominating process, beginning with the 2020 election. This required a candidate to win a majority of pledged delegates from the assorted primary elections in order to win the party's nomination. The last time this did not occur was the nomination of Adlai Stevenson II at the 1952 Democratic National Convention.[51] Meanwhile, six states used ranked-choice voting in the primaries: Alaska, Hawaii, Kansas, and Wyoming for all voters; and Iowa and Nevada for absentee voters.[52] After Hillary Clinton's loss in the previous election, the Democratic Party was seen largely as leaderless,[53] and was also seen as fractured between the centrist Clinton wing and the more progressive Sanders wing of the party, echoing the rift brought up in the 2016 primary election.[54][55] In 2018, several U.S. House districts that Democrats hoped to gain from the Republican majority had contentious primary elections. Politico's Elena Schneider described these clashes as a "Democratic civil war".[56] During this period, there was a general shift to the left in regards to college tuition, healthcare, and immigration among Democrats in the Senate.[57][58] Overall, the 2020 primary field had 29 major candidates,[59] breaking the record for the largest field under the modern presidential primary system previously set during the 2016 GOP primaries with 17 major candidates.[60] Entering the Iowa caucuses on February 3, 2020, the field had decreased to 11 major candidates. Pete Buttigieg narrowly defeated Bernie Sanders in Iowa, then Sanders edged out Buttigieg in the February 11, New Hampshire primary. Following Michael Bennet, Deval Patrick, and Andrew Yang dropping out, Sanders won the Nevada caucuses on February 22. Joe Biden then won the South Carolina primary, causing Buttigieg, Amy Klobuchar, and Tom Steyer to abandon their campaigns (Buttigieg and Klobuchar then immediately endorsed Biden). After Super Tuesday, March 3, Michael Bloomberg and Elizabeth Warren quit the race, leaving three candidates left: Biden and Sanders, the main contenders, and Tulsi Gabbard, who remained in the race despite facing nigh-on insurmountable odds.[61] Gabbard then dropped out and endorsed Biden after the March 17, Arizona, Florida, and Illinois races.[62] On April 8, 2020, Sanders dropped out, reportedly after being convinced by former president Barack Obama, leaving Biden as the only major candidate remaining, and the presumptive nominee.[63][64] Biden then gained endorsements from Obama, Sanders and Warren.[65] By June 5, 2020, Biden had officially gained enough delegates to ensure his nomination at the convention,[66] and proceeded to work with Sanders to develop a joint policy task force.[67] Vice presidential selection Further information: 2020 Democratic Party vice presidential candidate selection Senator Kamala Harris was announced as former Vice President Joe Biden's running mate on August 11, 2020. When inaugurated, Harris will be the first woman, first African-American, and first Asian-American vice president of the United States, as well as the second person with non-European ancestry (after Herbert Hoover's vice-president Charles Curtis). She is the third female vice presidential running mate after Geraldine Ferraro in 1984 and Sarah Palin in 2008. She is the first person representing the Western United States to appear on the Democratic Party presidential ticket.[68] Nominee Joe Biden 2013.jpg This article is part of a series about Joe Biden Political positionsElectoral history Early lifeEarly careerEponymsFamilyHonors U.S. Senator from Delaware TenureSenate Judiciary Committee Supreme Court hearings Robert BorkClarence Thomas1994 Crime BillViolence Against Women ActSenate Foreign Relations Committee Vice presidency TransitionTenureObama administrationEconomic policy Great Recession response2010 Tax Relief Act2011 debt-ceiling crisis responseFiscal cliff responseForeign policyTask forces Gun ViolenceWomen and GirlsProtect Students from Sexual Assault Presidency-elect TransitionInaugurationCabinetAppointments-19 Advisory Board Presidential campaigns Vice presidential campaigns Published works Promises to KeepPromise Me, Dad Joe Biden's signature Biden transition logo.svg vte Main article: Joe Biden 2020 presidential campaign Democratic Disc.svg 2020 Democratic Party ticket Joe Biden Kamala Harris for President for Vice President Joe Biden official portrait 2013 cropped (cropped).jpg Senator Harris official senate portrait.jpg 47th Vice President of the United States (2009–2017) U.S. Senator from California (2017–present) Campaign Biden Harris logo.svg Candidates The following major candidates have either: (a) served as vice president, a member of the cabinet, a U.S. senator, a U.S. representative, or a governor, (b) been included in a minimum of five independent national polls, or (c) received substantial media coverage. Candidates in this section are sorted by date of withdrawal Republican Party nomination Main articles: 2020 Republican Party presidential primaries and 2020 Republican National Convention Primaries In election cycles with incumbent presidents running for re-election, the race for the party nomination is usually pro-forma, with token opposition instead of any serious challengers and with their party rules being fixed in their favor.[125][126] The 2020 election was not an exception; with Donald Trump formally seeking a second term,[127][128] the official Republican apparatus, both state and national, coordinated with his campaign to implement changes to make it difficult for any primary opponent to mount a serious challenge.[129][130] On January 25, 2019, the Republican National Committee unofficially endorsed Trump.[131] Several Republican state committees scrapped their respective primaries or caucuses,[132] citing the fact that Republicans canceled several state primaries when George H. W. Bush and George W. Bush sought a second term in 1992 and 2004, respectively; and Democrats scrapped some of their primaries when Bill Clinton and Barack Obama were seeking reelection in 1996 and 2012, respectively.[133][134] After cancelling their races, some states immediately pledged their delegates to Trump,[135][136] while other states later held a convention or meeting to officially award their delegates to him.[137][138] The Trump campaign also urged Republican state committees that used proportional methods to award delegates in 2016 (where a state's delegates are divided proportionally among the candidates based on the vote percentage) to switch to a "winner-takes-all" (where the winning candidate in a state gets all its delegates) or "winner-takes-most" (where the winning candidate only wins all of the state's delegates if he exceeds a predetermined amount, otherwise they are divided proportionally) for 2020.[126][139] Nevertheless, reports arose beginning in August 2017 that members of the Republican Party were preparing a "shadow campaign" against the president, particularly from the party's moderate or establishment wings. Then-Arizona senator John McCain said, "Republicans see weakness in this president."[140][141] Maine senator Susan Collins, Kentucky senator Rand Paul, and former New Jersey Governor Chris Christie all expressed doubts in 2017 that Trump would be the 2020 nominee.[142][143] Senator Jeff Flake claimed in 2017 that Trump was "inviting" a primary challenger by the way he was governing.[144] Former Massachusetts Governor Bill Weld became Trump's first major challenger in the Republican primaries following an announcement on April 15, 2019.[145] Weld, who was the Libertarian Party's nominee for vice president in 2016, was considered a long shot because of Trump's popularity within his own party and Weld's positions on issues such as abortion, gun control and same-sex marriage that conflicted with conservative positions on those issues.[146] In addition, businessman Rocky De La Fuente also entered the race but was not widely recognized as a major candidate.[147][148] Former Illinois representative Joe Walsh launched a primary challenge on August 25, 2019, saying he would not vote for Trump if Trump became the nominee.[149] Walsh ended his presidential bid on February 7, 2020, after drawing around 1% support in the Iowa caucuses. Walsh declared that "nobody can beat Trump in a Republican primary" because the Republican Party was now "a cult" of Trump.[150] On September 8, 2019, former South Carolina Governor and representative Mark Sanford officially announced that he would be another Republican primary challenger to Trump.[151] He dropped out of the race 65 days later on November 12, 2019, after failing to gain support in Republican circles.[152] Donald Trump's re-election campaign has essentially been ongoing since his victory in 2016, leading pundits to describe his tactic of holding rallies continuously throughout his presidency as a "never-ending campaign".[153] On January 20, 2017, at 5:11 p.m. EST, he submitted a letter as a substitute of FEC Form 2, by which he reached the legal threshold for filing, in compliance with the Federal Election Campaign Act.[154] During the primary season, Trump ran an active campaign, even holding rallies in the February primary states, including South Carolina and Nevada where Republican primaries were canceled.[155][156] Trump won every race and, having won enough delegates to ensure his nomination at the convention, became the presumptive nominee on March 17, 2020.[157] Weld suspended his campaign the next day.[158] Nominee Donald Trump official portrait (cropped).jpg This article is part of a series about Donald Trump President of the United States Incumbent Presidency TransitionInaugurationTimelineExecutive actions proclamationspardonsTrips internationalNorth Korea summits SingaporeHanoiDMZHelsinki summitShutdowns Jan 20182018–19PollsLawsuitsProtests St. John's Church photo opSocial mediaVeracity of statementsKillings al-BaghdadiSoleimani-19 pandemic TaskforceCommunicationGovernment response CARES ActOperation Warp SpeedWhite House outbreakInterference with science agencies Appointments Cabinet speculationAmbassadorsFederal judges GorsuchKavanaughBarrettSupreme Court candidatesExecutivesU.S. AttorneysFormer Comey Policies Economy tax cuts repeal of the ACA individual mandatetariffsChina trade warEnvironment Paris withdrawalForeign policy America FirstIran dealGulf crisisJerusalemGolan HeightsTrump peace planAbraham Accords UAEBahrainUSMCAKosovo–Serbia agreementImmigration travel banwallfamily separationmigrant detentionstroop deploymentsnational emergencyInfrastructureSocial issues cannabisSpace Space Force Impeachment Early effortsTrump–Ukraine scandalInquiry and hearingsSenate trial Presidential campaigns 2000 primaries2016 electionprimariesendorsementsralliesconventiondebatesNever Trump movement peoplesexual misconduct allegations Access Hollywood tapewiretapping allegationsSpygate2020 electionprimariesendorsements politicalnon-politicaloppositionralliesconventiondebatesGOP reactions to election fraud claims Interactions involving Russia Business and personal Donald Trump's signature vte Main article: Donald Trump 2020 presidential campaign Republican Disc.png 2020 Republican Party ticket Donald Trump Mike Pence for President for Vice President Donald Trump official portrait.jpg Mike Pence official Vice Presidential portrait.jpg 45th President of the United States (2017–present) 48th Vice President of the United States (2017–present) Campaign Trump-Pence 2020.svg Candidates The following major candidates have either: (a) held public office, (b) been included in a minimum of five independent national polls, or (c) received substantial media coverage.[159][160][161] Candidates in this section are sorted by popular vote Other parties and independent candidates Main article: Third party and independent candidates for the 2020 United States presidential election Libertarian Party nomination Main articles: 2020 Libertarian Party presidential primaries and 2020 Libertarian National Convention Jo Jorgensen, who was the running mate of author Harry Browne in 1996, received the Libertarian nomination at the national convention on May 23, 2020.[168] She achieved ballot access in all 50 states and the District of Columbia.[169] Nominee Main article: Jo Jorgensen 2020 presidential campaign LPF-torch-logo (cropped).png 2020 Libertarian Party ticket Jo Jorgensen Spike Cohen for President for Vice President Jo Jorgensen portrait 3.jpg Spike Cohen portrait 1 (crop 2).jpg Senior Lecturer at Clemson University Podcaster and businessman Campaign Jorgensen Cohen 2020 Campaign Logo.svg Green Party nomination Further information: 2020 Green Party presidential primaries and 2020 Green National Convention Howie Hawkins became the presumptive nominee of the Green Party on June 21, 2020, and was officially nominated by the party on July 11, 2020.[170][171] Hawkins was also nominated by the Socialist Party USA, Socialist Alternative, and the Legal Marijuana Now Party.[172] Hawkins secured ballot access to 381 electoral votes and write-in access to 130 electoral votes.[173][f] Nominee Hawkins 2010.jpg This article is part of a series about Howie Hawkins Political positionsCareerElectoral historyGreen New DealClamshell Alliance Gubernational campaigns New York 201020142018 2020 presidential campaign EndorsementsPrimariesConventionElection Political party affiliations Green Party of the United StatesSocialist Party USA vte Main article: Howie Hawkins 2020 presidential campaign Green Party of the United States social media logo.svg 2020 Green Party ticket Howie Hawkins Angela Walker for President for Vice President Hawkins 2010 (1).jpg Angela Walker (cropped).jpg Co-founder of the Green Party ATU Local 998 Legislative Director (2011–2013) Campaign Hawkins Walker logo wide.png Other third-party and independent candidates Main article: Third party and independent candidates for the 2020 United States presidential election Various other minor party and independent candidates were on the ballot in several states, among them activist and writer Gloria La Riva,[175] businessman and perennial candidate Rocky De La Fuente,[176] coal executive Don Blankenship,[177] entrepreneur Brock Pierce,[178] rapper Kanye West,[179] and educator Brian Carroll.[180] General election campaigns Ballot access Presidential candidate[g] Vice presidential candidate[h] Party or label[i] Ballot access (including write-in) States/DC Electors Voters[181] Joe Biden Kamala Harris Democratic 51 538 100% Donald Trump Mike Pence Republican 51 538 100% Jo Jorgensen Spike Cohen Libertarian 51 538 100% Howie Hawkins Angela Walker Green 30 (46) 381 (511) 73.2% (95.8%) Gloria La Riva Sunil Freeman Socialism and Liberation 15 (33) 195 (401) 37.0% (76.1%) Rocky De La Fuente Darcy Richardson Alliance 15 (25) 183 (289) 34.7% (54.1%) Don Blankenship William Mohr Constitution 18 (30) 166 (305) 31.2% (56.8%) Brock Pierce Karla Ballard Independent 16 (31) 115 (285) 19.1% (50.1%) Kanye West Michelle Tidball Birthday 12 (29) 84 (243) 14.4% (42.7%) Brian Carroll Amar Patel American Solidarity 8 (39) 66 (463) 11.4% (87.7%) Jade Simmons Claudeliah J. Roze Becoming One Nation 2 (38) 15 (372) 2.7% (68.9%) Party conventions Map of United States showing Milwaukee, Charlotte, and Austin.MilwaukeeMilwaukeeCharlotteCharlotteVirtualVirtualVirtualVirtual   Democratic Party   Republican Party   Libertarian Party (virtual)   Green Party (virtual) The 2020 Democratic National Convention was originally scheduled for July 13–16 in Milwaukee, Wisconsin,[182][183][184] but was delayed to August 17–20 due to the effects of the -19 pandemic.[185] On June 24, 2020, it was announced that the convention would be held in a mixed online-in person format, with most delegates attending remotely but a few still attending the physical convention site.[186] On August 5, the in-person portion of the convention was scaled down even further, with major speeches including Biden's being switched to a virtual format.[187] The 2020 Republican National Convention took place from August 24–27 in Charlotte, North Carolina and various remote locations. Originally, a three-day convention was planned to be held in North Carolina, but due to North Carolina's insistence that the convention follow -19 social distancing rules, the speeches and celebrations were moved to Jacksonville, Florida (official convention business was still contractually obligated to be conducted in Charlotte).[188][189] However, due to the worsening situation with regards to -19 in Florida, the plans there were cancelled, and the convention was moved back to Charlotte in a scaled-down capacity.[190] The 2020 Libertarian National Convention was originally scheduled to be held in Austin, Texas, over Memorial Day weekend from May 22 to 25,[191][192] but all reservations at the JW Marriott Downtown Austin for the convention were cancelled on April 26 due to the -19 pandemic.[193] It was eventually decided by the Libertarian National Committee that the party would hold two conventions, one online from May 22–24 to select the presidential and vice-presidential nominees and one at a physical convention in Orlando, Florida, from July 8–12 for other business.[194] The 2020 Green National Convention was originally to be held in Detroit, Michigan, from July 9 to 12.[184] Due to the -19 pandemic, the convention was instead held online, without a change in date.[195] Issues unique to the election Impeachment Further information: Impeachment of Donald Trump The House of Representatives voted to impeach Trump on two counts on December 18, 2019.[196] The trial in the Senate began on January 21, 2020,[197] and ended on February 5, resulting in acquittal by the United States Senate.[198] This is the second time a president has been impeached during his first term while running for a second term.[199][j] Trump continued to hold campaign rallies during the impeachment.[201][202] This is also the first time since the modern presidential primaries were established in 1911 that a president has been subjected to impeachment while the primary season was underway.[203] The impeachment process overlapped with the primary campaigns, forcing senators running for the Democratic nomination to remain in Washington for the trial in the days before and after the Iowa caucuses.[204][205] Effects of the -19 pandemic States with at least one local, state, or federal primary election date or method of voting altered as of August 5, 2020. Further information: -19 pandemic in the United States, Impact of the -19 pandemic on politics, and White House -19 outbreak Several events related to the 2020 presidential election were altered or postponed due to the ongoing -19 pandemic in the country and its effects such as the stay-at-home order and social distancing guidelines by local governments. On March 10, following primary elections in six states, Democratic candidates Joe Biden and Bernie Sanders cancelled planned campaign night events and further in-person campaigning and campaign rallies.[206][207] On March 12, Trump also stated his intent to postpone further campaign rallies.[208] The 11th Democratic debate was held on March 15 without an audience at the CNN studios in Washington, D.C.[209] Several states also postponed their primaries to a later date, including Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Ohio, and Maryland.[210] As of March 24, 2020, all major-party presidential candidates had halted in-person campaigning and campaign rallies over -19 concerns. Political analysts speculated at the time that the moratorium on traditional campaigning coupled with the effects of the pandemic on the nation could have unpredictable effects on the voting populace and possibly, how the election will be conducted.[211][212][213] A poll worker sanitizes an election booth in Davis, California Some presidential primary elections were severely disrupted by -19-related issues, including long lines at polling places, greatly increased requests for absentee ballots, and technology issues.[214] The number of polling places was often greatly reduced due to a shortage of election workers able or willing to work during the pandemic. Most states expanded or encouraged voting by mail as an alternative, but many voters complained that they never received the absentee ballots they had requested.[215] The March 2020  Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act included money for states to increase mail-in voting. By May, Trump and his campaign strongly opposed mail-in voting, claiming that it would cause widespread voter fraud, a belief which has been debunked by a number of media organizations.[216][217] Government response to the impact of the pandemic from the Trump administration, coupled to the differing positions taken by congressional Democrats and Republicans regarding economic stimulus became a major campaign issue for both parties.[218][219] On April 6, the Supreme Court and Republicans in the State Legislature of Wisconsin rebuffed Wisconsin Governor Tony Evers's request to move the state's spring elections to June. As a result, the elections, which included a presidential primary, went ahead on April 7 as planned.[220] At least seven new cases of -19 were traced to this election. Voting-rights advocates expressed fear of similar chaos on a nationwide scale in November, recommending states to move to expand vote-by-mail options.[221] On June 20, 2020, Trump's campaign held an in-person rally in Tulsa, Oklahoma, after the Oklahoma Supreme Court ruled that the event could go ahead despite continuing concerns over -19.[222] Attendance at the rally was far lower than expected, being described as a "flop", with it leading to a significant worsening of relations between Trump and his campaign manager Brad Parscale.[223] 7.7 million people watched the event on Fox News, a Saturday audience record for that channel.[224] Three weeks after the rally, the Oklahoma State Department of Health recorded record numbers of cases of -19,[225] and former Republican presidential candidate Herman Cain died of the virus, although it was not confirmed that he caught the disease due to his attendance at the rally.[226] On October 2, 2020, Trump and First Lady Melania Trump tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 following a positive test from his senior adviser Hope Hicks, as part of larger -19 outbreak among White House personnel. Both the president and first lady immediately entered quarantine, which prevented Trump from further campaigning, notably at campaign rallies.[227][228][229] Later that day, the President was admitted to Walter Reed National Military Medical Center with a low grade fever, where he was reported to have received an experimental antibody treatment.[230][231] Trump's diagnosis came only two days after he had shared the stage with Joe Biden at the first presidential debate. This led to the concern that Biden may have contracted the virus from Trump; however, Biden tested negative.[232][233] Trump was discharged from the hospital on October 5.[234] Trump being diagnosed with -19 was widely seen as having a negative effect on his campaign and shifted the attention of the public back onto -19, an issue which is generally seen as a liability for Trump, due to his response to the -19 pandemic suffering from low approval ratings.[235][236] Being in quarantine also meant that Trump was unable to attend rallies, which were a major part of his campaign. As a result of Trump contracting -19, Biden continued campaigning but temporarily ceased running attack ads against him.[237][238] Trump resumed in-person rallies on October 12, one week after his discharge from the hospital.[234] Trump continued to travel to battleground states and hold mass rallies, sometimes two or three in a day. His rallies have been criticized for their lack of social distancing or mask wearing, and some polls suggest that voters see him less favorably for potentially endangering attendees.[239][240] Foreign interference Further information: Russian interference in the 2020 United States elections and Foreign electoral intervention U.S. officials have accused Russia, China and Iran of trying to influence the 2020 United States elections.[241][242] On October 4, 2019, Microsoft announced that "Phosphorus", a group of hackers linked to the Iranian government, had attempted to compromise e-mail accounts belonging to journalists, U.S. government officials and the campaign of a U.S. presidential candidate.[243][244] The Voice of America reported in April 2020 that "Internet security researchers say there have already been signs that China-allied hackers have engaged in so-called 'spear-phishing' attacks on American political targets ahead of the 2020 vote." Chinese spokesman Geng Shuang denied the allegations and said he would "hope the people of the U.S. not drag China into its electoral politics".[245] On February 13, 2020, American intelligence officials advised members of the House Intelligence Committee that Russia was interfering in the 2020 election in an effort to get Trump re-elected.[246][247] The briefing was delivered by Shelby Pierson, the intelligence community's top election security official and an aide to acting Director of National Intelligence Joseph Maguire. On February 21, The Washington Post reported that, according to unnamed U.S. officials, Russia was interfering in the Democratic primary in an effort to support the nomination of Senator Bernie Sanders. Sanders issued a statement after the news report, saying in part, "I don't care, frankly, who Putin wants to be president. My message to Putin is clear: stay out of American elections, and as president, I will make sure that you do."[248] Sanders acknowledged that his campaign was briefed about Russia's alleged efforts about a month prior.[249] In a February 2020 briefing to the House Intelligence Committee, U.S. intelligence officials warned Congress that Russia was interfering in the 2020 campaign to support Trump's reelection campaign; Trump was angered that Congress had been informed of the threat, and the day after the briefing castigated the acting director of national intelligence, Joseph Maguire, for allowing the briefing to go forward.[250][251] China and some government-linked Chinese individuals have been accused of interfering in the election to support the candidacy of both Biden and Trump,[252] though whether it is actually doing so is disputed among the intelligence community.[251][253] On October 21, threatening emails were sent to Democrats in at least four states. The emails warned that "You will vote for Trump on Election Day or we will come after you."[254] Director of National Intelligence John Ratcliffe announced that evening that the emails, using a spoofed return address, had been sent by Iran. He added that both Iran and Russia are known to have obtained American voter registration data, possibly from publicly available information, and that "This data can be used by foreign actors to attempt to communicate false information to registered voters that they hope will cause confusion, sow chaos and undermine your confidence in American democracy." A spokesman for Iran denied the allegation.[255] In his announcement Ratcliffe said that Iran's intent had been "to intimidate voters, incite social unrest, and damage President Trump", raising questions as to how ordering Democrats to vote for Trump would be damaging to Trump. It was later reported that the reference to Trump had not been in Ratcliffe's prepared remarks as signed off by the other officials on the stage, but that he added it on his own.[256] Throughout the election period, several Colombian lawmakers and the Colombian ambassador to the United States issued statements supporting the Donald Trump campaign, which has been viewed as potentially harmful to Colombia–United States relations.[257][258] On October 26, the U.S. Ambassador to Colombia, Philip Goldberg, requested that Colombian politicians abstain from getting involved in the elections.[259] The Department of Justice is investigating whether the Trump Victory Committee took a $100,000 donation from Malaysian businessman and international fugitive Jho Low, who is accused of being the mastermind behind the multibillion-dollar 1Malaysia Development Berhad scandal involving a Malaysian sovereign wealth fund, 1MDB.[260][261] Government officials and American corporate security officers braced for a repeat of 2016's election infrastructure hacking and similar twenty-first century attacks, and in fact conducted what were characterized as pre-emptive counter-strikes on botnet infrastructure which might be used in large-scale coordination of hacking,[262] and some incidents earlier in the year appeared to foreshadow such possibilities. Nonetheless, after his dismissal, in a December 2020 interview Chris Krebs, the Trump administration's director of the Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency (CISA), described monitoring Election Day from CISA's joint command center along with representatives from the military's United States Cyber Command, the National Security Agency (NSA), the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), the United States Secret Service (USSS), the Election Assistance Commission (EAC), representatives of vendors of voting machine equipment, and representatives of state and local governments, as well as his agency's analysis preceding and subsequent to that day, saying, It was quiet. There was no indication or evidence that there was any sort of hacking or compromise of election systems on, before, or after November third.[263] Responding to spurious claims of foreign outsourcing of vote counting as a rationale behind litigation attempting to stop official vote counting in some areas, Krebs also affirmed that, "All votes in the United States of America are counted in the United States of America."[263] However, acts of foreign interference did include Russian state-directed application of computational propaganda approaches, more conventional state-sponsored Internet propaganda, smaller-scale disinformation efforts, "information laundering" and "trading up the chain" propaganda tactics employing some government officials, Trump affiliates, and US media outlets.[264] Trump's potential rejection of election results Further information: Blue shift (politics) and Peaceful transition of power During the campaign, Trump indicated in Twitter posts, interviews, and speeches that he might refuse to recognize the outcome of the election if he was defeated; Trump falsely suggested that the election would be rigged against him.[265][266][267] In July 2020, Trump declined to answer whether he would accept the results, telling Fox News anchor Chris Wallace that "I have to see. No, I'm not going to just say yes. I'm not going to say no."[268][269][270] Trump repeatedly claimed that "the only way" he could lose would be if the election was "rigged" and repeatedly refused to commit to a peaceful transition of power after the election.[271] Trump also attacked mail-in voting throughout the campaign, falsely claiming that the practice contains high rates of fraud;[272][273][274] at one point, Trump said, "We'll see what happens...Get rid of the ballots and you'll have a very peaceful—there won't be a transfer, frankly. There will be a continuation."[275] Trump's statements have been described as a threat "to upend the constitutional order".[276] In September 2020, FBI Director Christopher A. Wray, who was appointed by Trump, testified under oath that the FBI has "not seen, historically, any kind of coordinated national voter fraud effort in a major election, whether it's by mail or otherwise."[277] A number of congressional Republicans insisted they were committed to an orderly and peaceful transition of power, but declined to criticize Trump for his comments.[278] On September 24, the Senate unanimously passed a resolution affirming the Senate's commitment to a peaceful transfer of power.[279] Trump has also stated he expected the Supreme Court to decide the election and that he wanted a conservative majority in case of an election dispute, reiterating his commitment to quickly install a ninth justice following the death of Ruth Bader Ginsburg.[280] Election delay suggestion In April 2020, Biden suggested that Trump may try to delay the election, saying that Trump "is gonna try to kick back the election somehow, come up with some rationale why it can't be held".[281][282] On July 30, Trump tweeted that "With Universal Mail-In Voting (not Absentee Voting, which is good), 2020 will be the most INACCURATE & FRAUDULENT Election in history" and asked if it should be delayed until people can safely cast ballots in person. Experts have indicated that, for the election to be legally delayed, such a decision must be undertaken by Congress.[283][284] Several legal experts noted that the Constitution sets the end of the presidential and vice-presidential terms as January 20, a hard deadline which cannot be altered by Congress except by constitutional amendment.[285][286] Postal voting See also: Expansion of postal voting in the 2020 United States elections and 2020 United States Postal Service crisis Chart of July 2020 opinion survey on likelihood of voting by mail in November election, compared to 2016[287] Postal voting in the United States has become increasingly common, with 25% of voters mailing their ballots in 2016 and 2018. By June 2020, the -19 pandemic was predicted to cause a large increase in mail voting because of the possible danger of congregating at polling places.[288] An August 2020 state-by-state analysis concluded that 76% of Americans were eligible to vote by mail in 2020, a record number. The analysis predicted that 80 million ballots could be cast by mail in 2020—more than double the number in 2016.[289] The Postal Service sent a letter to multiple states in July 2020, warning that the service would not be able to meet the state's deadlines for requesting and casting last-minute absentee ballots.[290] In addition to the anticipated high volume of mailed ballots, the prediction was due in part to numerous measures taken by Louis DeJoy, the newly installed United States Postmaster General, including banning overtime and extra trips to deliver mail,[291] which caused delays in delivering mail,[292] and dismantling and removing hundreds of high-speed mail sorting machines from postal centers.[293] On August 18, after the House of Representatives had been recalled from its August break to vote on a bill reversing the changes, DeJoy announced that he would roll back all the changes until after the November election. He said he would reinstate overtime hours, roll back service reductions, and halt the removal of mail-sorting machines and collection boxes.[294] The House of Representatives voted an emergency grant of $25 billion to the post office to facilitate the predicted flood of mail ballots.[295] However, Trump has repeatedly denounced mail voting, even though he himself votes by mail in Florida.[296] In August 2020, Trump conceded that the post office would need additional funds to handle the additional mail-in voting, but said he would block any additional funding for the post office to prevent any increase in balloting by mail.[297] The Trump campaign filed lawsuits seeking to block the use of official ballot dropboxes in Pennsylvania in locations other than an election office, and also sought to "block election officials from counting mail-in ballots if a voter forgets to put their mail-in ballot in a secrecy sleeve within the ballot return-envelope."[298] The Trump campaign and the Republican Party both failed to produce any evidence of vote-by-mail fraud after being ordered by a federal judge to do so.[298] On Election Day a judge ordered mail inspectors to search "mail facilities in .... key battleground states" for ballots.[299] The agency refused to comply with the order and nearly 7% of ballots in USPS facilities on Election Day were not processed in time.[300] Federal Election Commission issues The Federal Election Commission, which was created in 1974 to enforce campaign finance laws in federal elections, has not functioned since July 2020 due to vacancies in membership. In the absence of a quorum, the commission cannot vote on complaints or give guidance through advisory opinions.[301] As of May 19, 2020, there were 350 outstanding matters on the agency's enforcement docket and 227 items waiting for action.[302] As of September 1, 2020, Trump had not nominated anyone to fill the FEC vacancies positions.[303] Supreme Court vacancy Further information: Amy Coney Barrett Supreme Court nomination and Death and state funeral of Ruth Bader Ginsburg President Donald Trump with Amy Coney Barrett and her family, just prior to Barrett being announced as the nominee, September 26, 2020 On September 18, 2020, Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg died. Senate Majority Leader Mitch McConnell immediately stated that the precedent he set regarding the Merrick Garland nomination was inoperative and that a replacement would be voted on as soon as possible, setting the stage for a confirmation battle and an unexpected intrusion into the campaign.[304] The death of Justice Ginsburg resulted in large increases in momentum for both the Democrats and Republicans.[305][306] The president,[307] vice president,[308] and several Republican members of Congress stated that a full Supreme Court bench was needed to decide the upcoming election.[309][310] On September 26, the day after Justice Ginsburg's body lay in state at the Capitol, Trump held a Rose Garden ceremony at the White House to announce and introduce his candidate, Amy Coney Barrett.[311] After four days of confirmation hearings, the Senate Judiciary Committee voted the nomination out of committee on October 22,[312] and on October 26, Barrett was confirmed on a party-line vote of 52–48, with no Democrats voting for her confirmation.[313] This was the closest Supreme Court confirmation ever to a presidential election, and the first Supreme Court nomination since 1869 with no supporting votes from the minority party.[313] It was also one of the fastest timelines from nomination to confirmations in U.S. history.[314][315] According to a Fox News poll, a current issue for voters is the protection of the Supreme Court ruling of Roe v. Wade, on the legality of abortion.[316] Pre-election litigation By September 2020, several hundred legal cases relating to the 2020 election had been filed.[317] About 250 of these had to do with the mechanics of voting in relation to the -19 pandemic.[317] The Supreme Court ruled on a number of these cases,[318] primarily issuing emergency stays instead of going through the normal process due to the urgency.[319] In October 2020, there was speculation that the election might be decided through a Supreme Court case, as happened following the 2000 election.[320][321] Debates Main article: 2020 United States presidential debates Map of United States showing debate locationsCase Western Reserve UniversityCase Western Reserve University University of UtahUniversity of Utah Belmont UniversityBelmont University Sites of the 2020 general election debates On October 11, 2019, the Commission on Presidential Debates (CPD) announced that three general election debates would be held in the fall of 2020. The first, moderated by Chris Wallace took place on September 29, and was co-hosted by Case Western Reserve University and the Cleveland Clinic in Cleveland, Ohio.[322] The debate was originally to be hosted at the University of Notre Dame in Notre Dame, Indiana, but the university decided against holding the debate as a result of the -19 pandemic.[322][323] Biden was generally held to have won the first debate,[324][325][326] with a significant minority of commentators stating that it was a draw.[327][328] One exchange that was particularly noted was when Trump did not directly denounce the white supremacist and neo-fascist group Proud Boys, which explicitly engages in political violence, instead responding that they should "stand back and stand by".[329][330][331] On the next day, Trump told reporters that the group should "stand down", while also claiming that he was not aware of what the group was.[332][333] The debate was described as "chaotic and nearly incoherent" because of Trump's repeated interruptions, causing the Commission on Presidential Debates to consider adjustments to the format of the remaining debates.[334] The vice presidential debate was held on October 7, 2020, at the University of Utah in Salt Lake City.[335] The debate was widely held to be subdued, with no clear victor.[336][337] One incident that was particularly commented on was when a fly landed on vice-president Pence's head, and remained there unbeknownst to him for two minutes.[338][339] The second debate was initially set to be held at the University of Michigan in Ann Arbor, Michigan, but the university withdrew in June 2020, over concerns regarding the -19 pandemic.[340] The planned debate was rescheduled for October 15 at the Adrienne Arsht Center for the Performing Arts in Miami, but due to Trump contracting -19, the Commission on Presidential Debates announced on October 8 that the debate would be held virtually, in which the candidates would appear from separate locations. However, Trump refused to participate in a virtual debate, and the commission subsequently announced that the debate had been cancelled.[341][342] The third scheduled debate took place on October 22 at Belmont University in Nashville, Tennessee and was moderated by Kristen Welker.[343][344] The changes to the debate rules resulted in it being generally considered more civil than the first debate.[345] Welker's performance as moderator was praised, with her being regarded as having done a good job preventing the candidates from interrupting each other.[346] Biden was generally held to have won the debate, though it was considered unlikely to alter the race to any considerable degree.[347][348][349] Debates for the 2020 U.S. presidential election sponsored by the CPD No. Date Time Host City Moderator(s) Participants Viewership (millions) P1 September 29, 2020 9:00 p.m. EDT Case Western Reserve University Cleveland, Ohio Chris Wallace Donald Trump Joe Biden 73.1[350] VP October 7, 2020 7:00 p.m. MDT University of Utah Salt Lake City, Utah Susan Page Mike Pence Kamala Harris 57.9[351] (P2)[k] October 15, 2020 9:00 p.m. EDT Arsht Center (planned) Miami, Florida Steve Scully (planned) Donald Trump Joe Biden N/A P2 October 22, 2020 8:00 p.m. CDT Belmont University Nashville, Tennessee Kristen Welker Donald Trump Joe Biden 63[353] The Free & Equal Elections Foundation held two debates with various third party and independent candidates, one on October 8, 2020, in Denver, Colorado,[354] and another on October 24, 2020, in Cheyenne, Wyoming.[355] Polling Main articles: Nationwide opinion polling for the 2020 United States presidential election and Statewide opinion polling for the 2020 United States presidential election Two-way The following graph depicts the standing of each candidate in the poll aggregators from September 2019 to present. Former Vice President Joe Biden, the Democratic nominee, had an average polling lead of 7.9 percentage points over incumbent President Donald Trump, the Republican nominee. Polling aggregates Active candidates   Joe Biden (Democratic)   Donald Trump (Republican)   Others/Undecided Donald Trump vs. Joe Biden Source of poll aggregation Dates administered Dates updated Joe Biden Donald Trump Other/Undecided[l] Margin 270 to Win Oct 28 – Nov 2, 2020 Nov 2, 2020 51.1% 43.1% 5.8% Biden +8.0 RealClear Politics Oct 25 – Nov 2, 2020 Nov 2, 2020 51.2% 44.0% 4.8% Biden +7.2 FiveThirtyEight until Nov 2, 2020 Nov 2, 2020 51.8% 43.4% 4.8% Biden +8.4 Average 51.4% 43.5% 5.1% Biden +7.9 Four-way Calculated averages are not comparable to those for the Biden vs. Trump polls. As polling with third parties has been very limited, the polls included in the average are often different. Donald Trump vs. Joe Biden vs. Jo Jorgensen vs. Howie Hawkins Source of poll aggregation Dates administered Dates updated Joe Biden Donald Trump Jo Jorgensen Howie Hawkins Other/Undecided[m] Margin 270 to Win Oct 23 – Nov 2, 2020 Nov 2, 2020 50.6% 43.2% 1.2% 1.0% 4.0% Biden +7.4 RealClear Politics Oct 15 – Nov 2, 2020 Nov 2, 2020 50.6% 43.2% 1.8% 0.8% 3.6% Biden +7.4 Swing states The following graph depicts the difference between Joe Biden and Donald Trump in each swing state in the poll aggregators from March 2020 to the election, with the election results for comparison. Polls by state/district   New Hampshire   Minnesota   Wisconsin   Michigan   Nevada   Pennsylvania   Nebraska CD-2   Maine CD-2   Arizona   Florida   North Carolina   Georgia   Ohio   Texas   Iowa   Montana   Missouri   Alaska   South Carolina   Nebraska   Kansas Endorsements Main articles: List of Donald Trump 2020 presidential campaign endorsements, List of Joe Biden 2020 presidential campaign endorsements, List of Jo Jorgensen 2020 presidential campaign endorsements, and List of Howie Hawkins 2020 presidential campaign endorsements Campaign issues -19 pandemic Further information: -19 pandemic in the United States, U.S. federal government response to the -19 pandemic, and Trump administration communication during the -19 pandemic The -19 pandemic was a major issue of the campaign, with Trump's responses being heavily criticized. The president spread mixed messages on the value of wearing face masks as protection, including criticizing Biden and reporters for wearing them, but has also encouraged their use at times.[356] During the campaign, Trump held many events across the country, including in  hotspots, where attendees did not wear masks and were not socially distancing; at the same time, he mocked those who wore face masks.[357][358][359] Biden advocated for expansion of federal funding, including funding under the Defense Production Act for testing, personal protective equipment, and research.[360] Trump has also invoked the Defense Production Act to a lesser extent to control the distribution of masks and ventillators,[361] but his response plan relied significantly on a vaccine being released by the end of 2020.[360] At the second presidential debate, Trump claimed that Biden had called him xenophobic for restricting entry from foreign nationals who had visited China, but Biden clarified that he had not been referring to this decision.[362] Economy Main articles: Economic policy of the Donald Trump administration and Economic policies of Joe Biden Trump claimed credit for the consistent economic expansion of his presidency's first three years, with the stock market at its longest growth period in history, and unemployment at a fifty-year low. Additionally, he has touted the 2020 third quarter rebound, in which GDP grew at an annualized rate of 33.1%, as evidence of the success of his economic policies.[363] Biden responded to Trump's claims by repeating that the strong economy under Trump's presidency was inherited from the Obama administration, and that Trump has aggravated the economic impact of the pandemic, including the need for 42 million Americans to file for unemployment.[364] The Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017, which lowered income tax for most Americans, as well as lowering the corporate tax rate from 35% to 21%, were an important part of Trump's economic policy. Biden and the Democrats generally describe these cuts as unfairly benefiting the upper class. Biden plans to raise taxes on corporations and those making over $400,000 per year, while keeping the reduced taxes on lower income brackets, and raise capital gains taxes to a maximum bracket of 39.6%. In response, Trump said Biden's plans will destroy retirement accounts and the stock market.[365] Environment Main articles: Environmental policy of the Donald Trump administration, Environmental policy of Joe Biden, and Climate change policy of the United States Trump and Biden's views on environmental policy differ significantly. Trump has stated at times that climate change is a hoax, although he has also called it a serious subject.[366] Trump has condemned the Paris Agreement on greenhouse gas reduction and began the withdrawal process. Biden plans to rejoin it and announced a $2 trillion climate action plan. However, Biden has not fully accepted the Green New Deal. Biden does not plan to ban fracking, but rather to outlaw new fracking on federal land. However, in a debate, Trump claimed that Biden wanted to ban it altogether. Trump's other environmental policies have included the removal of methane emission standards, and an expansion of mining.[367] Health care Main article: Health care in the United States Health care was a divisive issue in both the Democratic primary campaign and the general campaign. While Biden, as well as other candidates, promised protection of the Affordable Care Act, progressives within the Democratic Party advocated to replace the private insurance industry with Medicare for All. Biden's plan involves adding a public option to the American healthcare system,[368] and the restoration of the individual mandate to buy health care which was removed from the Affordable Care Act by the 2017 tax cut bill,[369] as well as restoring funding for Planned Parenthood. Trump announced plans to repeal the Affordable Care Act, calling it "too expensive", but has not said what would replace it.[370] At the time of the election, the Trump administration and Republican officials from 18 states had a lawsuit before the Supreme Court, asking the court to repeal the Affordable Care Act.[371] Racial unrest Main article: 2020 United States racial unrest George Floyd protests in Minneapolis on May 26 As a result of the killing of George Floyd and other incidents of police brutality against African Americans, combined with the effects of the -19 pandemic, a series of protests and a wider period of racial unrest erupted in mid-2020.[372] Many peaceful protests took place, but riots and looting have also occurred. Trump and the Republicans have suggested sending in the military to counter the protests, which was criticized, especially by Democrats, as heavy-handed and potentially illegal.[373] Particularly controversial was a photo-op Trump took in front of St. John's Church in Washington D.C., before which military police had forcefully cleared peaceful protestors from the area.[369] Biden condemned Trump for his actions against protestors; he described George Floyd's words "I can't breathe" as a "wake-up call for our nation". He also promised he would create a police oversight commission in his first 100 days as president, and establish a uniform use of force standard, as well as other police reform measures.[374] State predictions Most election predictors use: Tossup: No advantage Tilt: Advantage that is not quite as strong as "lean" Lean: Slight advantage Likely: Significant, but surmountable, advantage (highest rating given by CBS News and NPR) Safe or solid: Near-certain chance of victory State or district EV PVI [375] 2016 result Cook Oct 28, 2020[376] Inside Elections Oct 28, 2020[377] Sabato Nov 2, 2020[378] Politico Nov 2, 2020[379] Real Clear Politics Oct 29, 2020[380] CNN Nov 2, 2020[381] The Economist Nov 3, 2020[382] CBS News Nov 1, 2020[383] 270 to Win Nov 3, 2020[384] ABC News Nov 2, 2020[385] NPR Oct 30, 2020[386] NBC News Oct 27, 2020[387] Five Thirty Eight[n] Nov 2, 2020[388]   Alabama 9 R+14 62.1% R Solid R Solid R Safe R Solid R Solid R Solid R Safe R Likely R Safe R Solid R Likely R Solid R Solid R Alaska 3 R+9 51.3% R Likely R Lean R Likely R Lean R Likely R Solid R Likely R Likely R Likely R Lean R Lean R Likely R Likely R Arizona 11 R+5 48.1% R Lean D (flip) Tilt D (flip) Lean D (flip) Tossup Tossup Tossup Lean D (flip) Tossup Tossup Lean D (flip) Tossup Tossup Lean D (flip) Arkansas 6 R+15 60.6% R Solid R Solid R Safe R Solid R Likely R Solid R Safe R Likely R Safe R Solid R Likely R Solid R Solid R California 55 D+12 61.7% D Solid D Solid D Safe D Solid D Solid D Solid D Safe D Likely D Safe D Solid D Likely D Solid D Solid D Colorado 9 D+1 48.2% D Likely D Solid D Likely D Likely D Lean D Lean D Safe D Likely D Likely D Solid D Likely D Likely D Solid D Connecticut 7 D+6 54.6% D Solid D Solid D Safe D Solid D Likely D Solid D Safe D Likely D Safe D Solid D Likely D Likely D Solid D Delaware 3 D+6 53.1% D Solid D Solid D Safe D Solid D Solid D Solid D Safe D Likely D Safe D Solid D Likely D Solid D Solid D District of Columbia 3 D+41 90.9% D Solid D Solid D Safe D Solid D Solid D Solid D Safe D Likely D Safe D Solid D Likely D Solid D Solid D Florida 29 R+2 49.0% R Tossup Tilt D (flip) Lean R Tossup Tossup Tossup Lean D (flip) Tossup Tossup Tossup Tossup Tossup Lean D (flip) Georgia 16 R+5 50.8% R Tossup Tilt D (flip) Lean D (flip) Tossup Tossup Tossup Tossup Tossup Tossup Lean D (flip) Tossup Tossup Tossup Hawaii 4 D+18 62.2% D Solid D Solid D Safe D Solid D Solid D Solid D Safe D Likely D Safe D Solid D Likely D Solid D Solid D Idaho 4 R+19 59.3% R Solid R Solid R Safe R Solid R Solid R Solid R Safe R Likely R Safe R Solid R Likely R Solid R Solid R Illinois 20 D+7 55.8% D Solid D Solid D Safe D Solid D Likely D Solid D Safe D Likely D Safe D Solid D Likely D Likely D Solid D Indiana 11 R+9 56.8% R Likely R Solid R Likely R Likely R Lean R Solid R Safe R Likely R Likely R Solid R Likely R Likely R Solid R Iowa 6 R+3 51.2% R Tossup Tossup Lean R Tossup Tossup Tossup Tossup Tossup Tossup Tossup Tossup Tossup Lean R Kansas 6 R+13 56.7% R Likely R Lean R Likely R Likely R Likely R Solid R Safe R Likely R Likely R Solid R Likely R Likely R Solid R Kentucky 8 R+15 62.5% R Solid R Solid R Safe R Solid R Solid R Solid R Safe R Likely R Safe R Solid R Likely R Solid R Solid R Louisiana 8 R+11 58.1% R Solid R Solid R Safe R Solid R Likely R Solid R Safe R Likely R Safe R Solid R Likely R Likely R Solid R Maine 2 D+3 47.8% D Likely D Solid D Likely D Likely D Lean D Solid D Safe D (only statewide given) Likely D Likely D Solid D Likely D Likely D Likely D ME-1 1 D+8 54.0% D Solid D Solid D Safe D Solid D Likely D Solid D Likely D Safe D Solid D Likely D Solid D Solid D ME-2 1 R+2 51.3% R Tossup Tossup Lean R Tossup Tossup Tossup Tossup Tossup Tossup Tossup Tossup Tossup Maryland 10 D+12 60.3% D Solid D Solid D Safe D Solid D Solid D Solid D Safe D Likely D Safe D Solid D Likely D Solid D Solid D Massachusetts 11 D+12 60.1% D Solid D Solid D Safe D Solid D Solid D Solid D Safe D Likely D Safe D Solid D Likely D Solid D Solid D Michigan 16 D+1 47.5% R Lean D (flip) Lean D (flip) Lean D (flip) Lean D (flip) Tossup Lean D (flip) Likely D (flip) Lean D (flip) Lean D (flip) Lean D (flip) Lean D (flip) Lean D (flip) Solid D (flip) Minnesota 10 D+1 46.4% D Lean D Likely D Likely D Lean D Tossup Lean D Likely D Lean D Likely D Lean D Lean D Lean D Solid D Mississippi 6 R+9 57.9% R Solid R Solid R Safe R Solid R Likely R Solid R Safe R Likely R Safe R Solid R Likely R Likely R Likely R Missouri 10 R+9 56.8% R Likely R Lean R Likely R Likely R Lean R Solid R Likely R Likely R Likely R Lean R Lean R Likely R Likely R Montana 3 R+11 56.2% R Likely R Lean R Likely R Likely R Lean R Solid R Likely R Likely R Likely R Lean R Lean R Likely R Likely R Nebraska 2 R+14 58.8% R Solid R Solid R Safe R Solid R Solid R Solid R Safe R (only statewide given) Likely R Safe R Solid R Likely R Solid R Solid R NE-1 1 R+11 56.2% R Solid R Solid R Safe R Solid R Solid R Solid R Likely R Safe R Solid R Lean R Solid R Solid R NE-2 1 R+4 47.2% R Lean D (flip) Tilt D (flip) Lean D (flip) Lean D (flip) Tossup Lean D (flip) Lean D (flip) Lean D (flip) Lean D (flip) Lean D (flip) Lean D (flip) Lean D (flip) NE-3 1 R+27 73.9% R Solid R Solid R Safe R Solid R Solid R Solid R Likely R Safe R Solid R Likely R Solid R Solid R Nevada 6 D+1 47.9% D Lean D Likely D Lean D Lean D Tossup Lean D Likely D Lean D Lean D Lean D Lean D Lean D Likely D New Hampshire 4 D+1 47.0% D Lean D Likely D Likely D Lean D Lean D Lean D Likely D Lean D Lean D Lean D Likely D Lean D Likely D New Jersey 14 D+7 55.0% D Solid D Solid D Safe D Solid D Likely D Solid D Safe D Likely D Safe D Solid D Likely D Likely D Solid D New Mexico 5 D+3 48.4% D Solid D Solid D Likely D Likely D Lean D Solid D Safe D Likely D Likely D Solid D Likely D Likely D Solid D New York 29 D+11 59.0% D Solid D Solid D Safe D Solid D Solid D Solid D Safe D Likely D Safe D Solid D Likely D Solid D Solid D North Carolina 15 R+3 49.8% R Tossup Tilt D (flip) Lean D (flip) Tossup Tossup Tossup Lean D (flip) Tossup Tossup Lean D (flip) Tossup Tossup Lean D (flip) North Dakota 3 R+16 63.0% R Solid R Solid R Safe R Solid R Solid R Solid R Safe R Likely R Safe R Solid R Likely R Solid R Solid R Ohio 18 R+3 51.7% R Tossup Tossup Lean R Tossup Tossup Tossup Tossup Tossup Tossup Tossup Tossup Tossup Tossup Oklahoma 7 R+20 65.3% R Solid R Solid R Safe R Solid R Solid R Solid R Safe R Likely R Safe R Solid R Likely R Solid R Solid R Oregon 7 D+5 50.1% D Solid D Solid D Safe D Likely D Lean D Solid D Safe D Likely D Safe D Solid D Likely D Likely D Solid D Pennsylvania 20 EVEN 48.2% R Lean D (flip) Lean D (flip) Lean D (flip) Lean D (flip) Tossup Lean D (flip) Likely D (flip) Lean D (flip) Lean D (flip) Lean D (flip) Lean D (flip) Lean D (flip) Likely D (flip) Rhode Island 4 D+10 54.4% D Solid D Solid D Safe D Solid D Likely D Solid D Safe D Likely D Safe D Solid D Likely D Likely D Solid D South Carolina 9 R+8 54.9% R Likely R Likely R Likely R Solid R Lean R Solid R Likely R Likely R Likely R Solid R Likely R Likely R Likely R South Dakota 3 R+14 61.5% R Solid R Solid R Safe R Solid R Solid R Solid R Safe R Likely R Safe R Solid R Likely R Solid R Solid R Tennessee 11 R+14 60.7% R Solid R Solid R Safe R Solid R Solid R Solid R Safe R Likely R Safe R Solid R Likely R Solid R Solid R Texas 38 R+8 52.2% R Tossup Tossup Lean R Lean R Tossup Lean R Lean R Lean R Lean R Tossup Tossup Tossup Lean R Utah 6 R+20 45.5% R Likely R Likely R Likely R Likely R Likely R Solid R Safe R Likely R Likely R Solid R Likely R Likely R Solid R Vermont 3 D+15 56.7% D Solid D Solid D Safe D Solid D Solid D Solid D Safe D Likely D Safe D Solid D Likely D Solid D Solid D Virginia 13 D+1 49.7% D Likely D Solid D Likely D Likely D Lean D Solid D Likely D Likely D Likely D Solid D Likely D Likely D Solid D Washington 12 D+7 52.5% D Solid D Solid D Safe D Solid D Likely D Solid D Safe D Likely D Safe D Solid D Likely D Solid D Solid D West Virginia 5 R+19 68.5% R Solid R Solid R Safe R Solid R Solid R Solid R Safe R Likely R Safe R Solid R Likely R Solid R Solid R Wisconsin 10 EVEN 47.2% R Lean D (flip) Lean D (flip) Lean D (flip) Lean D (flip) Tossup Lean D (flip) Likely D (flip) Lean D (flip) Lean D (flip) Lean D (flip) Lean D (flip) Lean D (flip) Likely D (flip) Wyoming 3 R+25 67.4% R Solid R Solid R Safe R Solid R Solid R Solid R Safe R Likely R Safe R Solid R Likely R Solid R Solid R Overall 538 D: 232 R: 306 D: 290 R: 125 Tossup: 123 D: 350 R: 125 Tossup: 63 D: 321 R: 217 Tossup: 0 D: 279 R: 163 Tossup: 96 D: 216 R: 125 Tossup: 197 D: 279 R: 163 Tossup: 96 D: 334 R: 164 Tossup: 40 D: 279 R: 163 Tossup: 96 D: 279 R: 163 Tossup: 96 D: 321 R: 125 Tossup: 92 D: 279 R: 125 Tossup: 134 D: 279 R: 125 Tossup: 134 D: 334 R: 169 Tossup: 35 Results Early voting in Cleveland, Ohio See also: Disputes surrounding the 2020 United States presidential election results Statistics Biden carried 25 states plus the District of Columbia and one congressional district in Nebraska, totaling 306 electoral votes. Trump carried 25 states plus one congressional district in Maine, totaling 232 electoral votes. That result is the exact opposite of Trump's 306-to-232 win in 2016.[389] Almost all counties previously considered reliable indicators of eventual success in presidential elections voted for Trump instead of Biden, meaning that they did not continue their streaks as bellwether counties. This was attributed to increasing political polarization throughout the country.[390] More than 158 million votes were cast in the election.[391] More than 100 million of them were cast before Election Day by early voting or mail ballot, due to the ongoing pandemic.[392] Trump became the first U.S. president since 1992 and the eleventh incumbent in the country's history to fail to win re-election to a second term, and Biden won the largest share of the popular vote against an incumbent since 1932.[6][7][8] Biden became the second non-incumbent vice president – after Republican Richard Nixon in 1968 – to be elected president and the first Democrat to do so.[393] The election saw the highest voter turnout as a percentage of eligible voters since 1900.[394] Each ticket received more than 74 million votes, surpassing Barack Obama's record of 69.5 million votes from 2008.[9] The Biden–Harris ticket received more than 81 million votes, the most votes ever in a U.S. presidential election.[10][11] Election night Voters cast ballots at Roosevelt High School in Des Moines, Iowa Election night, November 3, ended without a clear winner, as many state results were too close to call and millions of votes remained uncounted, including in the battleground states of Wisconsin, Michigan, Pennsylvania, North Carolina, Georgia, Arizona and Nevada.[395] Results were delayed in these states due to local rules on counting mail-in ballots. In a victory declared after midnight, Trump won the swing state of Florida by three percentage points, an increase from his 1.2 percentage point margin in 2016, having seen significant gains in support among the Latino community in Miami-Dade County.[396] Shortly after 12:30 a.m. EST, Biden made a short speech in which he urged his supporters to be patient while the votes are counted, and said he believed he was "on track to win this election".[397][398] Shortly before 2:30 a.m. EST, Trump made a speech to a roomful of supporters, falsely asserting that he had won the election and calling for a stop to all vote counting, saying that continued counting was "a fraud on the American people" and that "we will be going to the U.S. Supreme Court."[399][400][401] The Biden campaign denounced these attempts, claiming that the Trump campaign was engaging in a "naked effort to take away the democratic rights of American citizens".[402] Subsequent events In Pennsylvania, where the counting of mail-in ballots began on election night, Trump declared victory on November 4 with a lead of 675,000 votes, despite more than a million ballots remaining uncounted. Trump also declared victory in North Carolina and Georgia, despite many ballots being uncounted.[403] At 11:20 p.m. EST on election night, Fox News projected Biden would win Arizona, with the Associated Press making the same call at 2:50 a.m. EST on November 4;[404][405] however, several other media outlets concluded the state was too close to call.[406][407] By the evening of November 4, the Associated Press reported that Biden had secured 264 electoral votes by winning Michigan and Wisconsin, with Pennsylvania, North Carolina, Georgia, and Nevada remaining uncalled.[408] Biden had a 1% lead in Nevada[409] and maintained a 2.3% lead in Arizona by November 5,[410] needing only to win Nevada and Arizona or win Pennsylvania to obtain the necessary 270 electoral votes.[408] Some Trump supporters expressed concerns of possible fraud after seeing the president leading in some states on Election Night, only to see Biden take the lead in subsequent days. Election experts attributed this to several factors, including a "red mirage" of early results being counted in relatively thinly-populated rural areas that favored Trump, which are quicker to count, followed later by results from more heavily populated urban areas that favored Biden, which take longer to count. In some states like Pennsylvania, Michigan and Wisconsin, Republican-controlled legislatures prohibited mail-in ballots from being counted before Election Day, and once those ballots were counted they generally favored Biden, at least in part because Trump had for months raised concerns about mail-in ballots, causing those ballots to favor Biden even more. By contrast, in states such as Florida, which allowed counting of mail-in ballots for weeks prior to Election Day, an early blue shift giving the appearance of a Biden lead was later overcome by in-person voting that favored Trump, resulting in the state being called for the president on Election Night.[411][412][413] On November 5, a federal judge dismissed a lawsuit by the Trump campaign to stop vote-counting in Pennsylvania. The Trump campaign had alleged that its observers were not given access to observe the vote, but its lawyers admitted during the hearing that its observers were already present in the vote-counting room.[414] Also that day, a state judge dismissed another lawsuit by the Trump campaign that alleged that in Georgia, late-arriving ballots were counted. The judge ruled no evidence had been produced that the ballots were late.[415] Meanwhile, a state judge in Michigan dismissed the Trump campaign's lawsuit requesting a pause in vote-counting to allow access to observers, as the judge noted that vote-counting had already finished in Michigan.[416] That judge also noted the official complaint did not state "why", "when, where, or by whom" an election observer was allegedly blocked from observing ballot-counting in Michigan.[417] On November 6, Biden assumed leads in Pennsylvania and Georgia as the states continued to count ballots, and absentee votes in those states heavily favored Biden.[418] Due to the slim margin between Biden and Trump in the state, Georgia Secretary of State Brad Raffensperger announced on November 6 that a recount would be held in Georgia. At that point, Georgia had not seen "any widespread irregularities" in this election, according to the voting system manager of the state, Gabriel Sterling.[419] Also on November 6, U.S. Supreme Court Justice Samuel Alito issued an order requiring officials in Pennsylvania to segregate late-arriving ballots, amid a dispute as to whether the state's Supreme Court validly ordered a 3-day extension of the deadline for mail-in ballots to arrive.[420] Several Republican attorneys general filed amicus briefs before the U.S. Supreme Court in subsequent days agreeing with the Pennsylvania GOP's view that only the state legislature could change the voting deadline.[421] By November 7, several prominent Republicans had publicly denounced Trump's claims of electoral fraud, saying they were unsubstantiated, baseless or without evidence, damaging to the election process, undermining democracy and dangerous to political stability while others supported his demand of transparency.[422] According to CNN, people close to Donald Trump, such as his son-in-law and senior adviser Jared Kushner and his wife Melania Trump, urged him to accept his defeat. While Donald Trump privately acknowledged the outcome of the presidential election, he nonetheless encouraged his legal team to continue pursuing legal challenges.[423] Trump expected to win the election in Arizona, but when Fox News awarded said state to Joe Biden Trump became furious and claimed that Joe Biden's victory in Arizona was the result of fraud.[424] Trump and his allies suffered approximately 50 legal losses in four weeks after starting their litigation.[425] In view of these legal defeats began to employ "a public pressure campaign on state and local Republican officials to manipulate the electoral system on his behalf."[424][426][427][428] Election calls Hexagonal cartogram of the number of electoral college votes, with flipped states hatched Major news organizations project a state for a candidate when there is high mathematical confidence that the outstanding vote would be unlikely to prevent the projected winner from ultimately winning the state. Election projections are made by decision teams of political scientists and data scientists.[15] People celebrate in the streets near the White House after the major networks projected Biden the winner of the election on November 7. On November 6, election-calling organization Decision Desk HQ projected that Biden had won the election after forecasting that Biden had won Pennsylvania. According to Decision Desk HQ (which had not yet called Arizona), Pennsylvania's 20 electoral votes gave Biden a total of 273 electoral votes, three over the threshold to make him president-elect. Decision Desk HQ's clients Vox and Business Insider also called the race at that time.[429][430][431] On the morning of November 7 at approximately 11:30 a.m. EST, roughly three and a half days after polls had closed, ABC News, NBC News, CBS News, the Associated Press, CNN and Fox News all called the election for Biden, based on projections of votes in Pennsylvania showing him leading outside of the recount threshold (0.5% in that state).[432][433][434][435][436][437] Biden and Harris gave victory speeches in Wilmington, Delaware that evening.[438] OSCE election monitoring On the invitation of the U.S. State Department, the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe's (OSCE) Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights (ODIHR), which has been monitoring U.S. elections since 2002 (as it does for major elections in all other OSCE member countries), sent 102 observers from 39 countries.[439][440][441] The task force consisted of long-term observers from the ODIHR office (led by former Polish diplomat Urszula Gacek) deployed to 28 states from September on and covering 15 states on election day, and a group of European lawmakers acting as short-term observers (led by German parliamentarian Michael Georg Link), reporting from Maryland, Virginia, California, Nevada, Michigan, Missouri, Wisconsin, and the District of Columbia.[439][441] Due to the -19 pandemic, it was scaled down to a "limited election observation mission" from the originally planned 100 long-term observers and 400 short-term observers.[439] An interim report published by the OSCE shortly before the election noted that many ODIHR interlocutors "expressed grave concerns about the risk of legitimacy of the elections being questioned due to the incumbent President's repeated allegations of a fraudulent election process, and postal vote in particular".[439][442] On the day after the election, the task force published preliminary findings,[440] with part of the summary stating: The 3 November general elections were competitive and well managed despite legal uncertainties and logistical challenges. In a highly polarized political environment, acrimonious campaign rhetoric fuelled tensions. Measures intended to secure the elections during the pandemic triggered protracted litigation driven by partisan interests. Uncertainty caused by late legal challenges and evidence-deficient claims about election fraud created confusion and concern among election officials and voters. Voter registration and identification rules in some states are unduly restrictive for certain groups of citizens. The media, although sharply polarized, provided comprehensive coverage of the campaign and made efforts to provide accurate information on the organization of elections.[443] Link stated that "on the election day itself, we couldn't see any violations" at the polling places visited by the observers.[440] The task force also found "nothing untoward" while observing the handling of mail-in ballots at post offices, with Gacek being quoted as saying that "We feel that allegations of systemic wrongdoing in these elections have no solid ground" and that "The system has held up well".[441] The OSCE's election monitoring branch is due to publish a more comprehensive report in early 2021.[441] Electoral results See also: Third party and independent candidates for the 2020 United States presidential election The numbers in this table are based on the results certified by each state, detailed in the table of results by state further below. Candidates are listed individually if they received more than 0.1% of the popular vote. Electoral results Presidential candidate Vice presidential candidate Party Popular votes % Electoral votes Joe Biden Kamala Harris Democratic 81,268,867 51.31% 306 Donald Trump (incumbent) Mike Pence Republican 74,216,747 46.86% 232 Jo Jorgensen Jeremy "Spike" Cohen Libertarian 1,865,720 1.18% 0 Howie Hawkins Angela Walker Green 404,021 0.26% 0 Others 626,329 0.40% 0 Total 158,381,684 100% 538 Estimated eligible voters[444] and turnout 239,247,182 66.2% – Popular vote Biden   51.31% Trump   46.86% Jorgensen   1.18% Hawkins   0.26% Others   0.40% ↓ 306 232 Biden Trump Electoral vote Biden/Harris   56.88% Trump/Pence   43.12% Results by state Legend States won by Biden/Harris States won by Trump/Pence EV Electoral votes † At-large results (for states that split electoral votes) State or district Biden/Harris Democratic Trump/Pence Republican Jorgensen/Cohen Libertarian Hawkins/Walker Green Others Margin Total votes Sources Votes % EV Votes % EV Votes % EV Votes % EV Votes % EV Votes % Ala. 849,624 36.57% – 1,441,170 62.03% 9 25,176 1.08% – [o] [o] – 7,312 0.31% – −591,546 −25.46% 2,323,282 [445] Alaska 153,778 42.77% – 189,951 52.83% 3 8,897 2.47% – [p] [p] – 6,904 1.92% – −36,173 −10.06% 359,530 [447] Ariz. 1,672,143 49.36% 11 1,661,686 49.06% – 51,465 1.52% – 1,557 0.05% – 475 0.01% – 10,457 0.31% 3,387,326 [448] Ark. 423,932 34.78% – 760,647 62.40% 6 13,133 1.08% – 2,980 0.24% – 18,377 1.51% – −336,715 −27.62% 1,219,069 [449] Calif. 11,110,250 63.48% 55 6,006,429 34.32% – 187,895 1.07% – 81,029 0.46% – 115,278 0.66% – 5,103,821 29.16% 17,500,881 [450] Colo. 1,804,352 55.40% 9 1,364,607 41.90% – 52,460 1.61% – 8,986 0.28% – 26,575 0.82% – 439,745 13.50% 3,256,980 [451] Conn. 1,080,680 59.24% 7 715,291 39.21% – 20,227 1.11% – 7,538 0.41% – 537 0.03% – 365,389 20.03% 1,824,273 [452] Del. 296,268 58.74% 3 200,603 39.77% – 5,000 0.99% – 2,139 0.42% – 336 0.07% – 95,665 18.97% 504,346 [q][454] D.C. 317,323 92.15% 3 18,586 5.40% – 2,036 0.59% – 1,726 0.50% – 4,685 1.36% – 298,737 86.75% 344,356 [455] Fla. 5,297,045 47.86% – 5,668,731 51.22% 29 70,324 0.64% – 14,721 0.13% – 16,635 0.15% – −371,686 −3.36% 11,067,456 [456] Ga. 2,473,633 49.50% 16 2,461,854 49.26% – 62,229 1.25% – [r] [r] – [r] [r] – 11,779 0.24% 4,997,716 [r][457] Hawaii 366,130 63.73% 4 196,864 34.27% – 5,539 0.96% – 3,822 0.67% – 2,114 0.37% – 169,266 29.46% 574,469 [s][458] Idaho 287,021 33.07% – 554,119 63.84% 4 16,404 1.89% – 407 0.05% – 10,063 1.16% – −267,098 −30.77% 868,014 [459] Ill. 3,471,915 57.54% 20 2,446,891 40.55% – 66,544 1.10% – 30,494 0.51% – 17,900 0.30% – 1,025,024 16.99% 6,033,744 [460] Ind. 1,242,416 40.96% – 1,729,519 57.02% 11 59,232 1.95% – 988 0.03% – 963 0.03% – −487,103 −16.06% 3,033,118 [461] Iowa 759,061 44.89% – 897,672 53.09% 6 19,637 1.16% – 3,075 0.18% – 11,426 0.68% – −138,611 −8.20% 1,690,871 [s][462] Kan. 570,323 41.56% – 771,406 56.21% 6 30,574 2.23% – [r] [r] – [r] [r] – −201,083 −14.65% 1,372,303 [r][463] Ky. 772,474 36.15% – 1,326,646 62.09% 8 26,234 1.23% – 716 0.03% – 10,698 0.50% – −554,172 −25.94% 2,136,768 [464] La. 856,034 39.85% – 1,255,776 58.46% 8 21,645 1.01% – – – – 14,607 0.68% – −399,742 −18.61% 2,148,062 [465] Maine † 435,072 53.09% 2 360,737 44.02% – 14,152 1.73% – 8,230 1.00% – 1,270 0.15% – 74,335 9.07% 819,461 [s][466] ME-1 266,376 60.11% 1 164,045 37.02% – 7,343 1.66% – 4,654 1.05% – 694 0.16% – 102,331 23.09% 443,112 ME-2 168,696 44.82% – 196,692 52.26% 1 6,809 1.81% – 3,576 0.95% – 576 0.15% – −27,996 −7.44% 376,349 Md. 1,985,023 65.36% 10 976,414 32.15% – 33,488 1.10% – 15,799 0.52% – 26,306 0.87% – 1,008,609 33.21% 3,037,030 [467] Mass. 2,382,202 65.60% 11 1,167,202 32.14% – 47,013 1.29% – 18,658 0.51% – 16,327 0.45% – 1,215,000 33.46% 3,631,402 [s][468] Mich. 2,804,040 50.62% 16 2,649,852 47.84% – 60,381 1.09% – 13,718 0.25% – 11,311 0.20% – 154,188 2.78% 5,539,302 [469] Minn. 1,717,077 52.40% 10 1,484,065 45.28% – 34,976 1.07% – 10,033 0.31% – 31,020 0.95% – 233,012 7.11% 3,277,171 [470] Miss. 539,508 41.06% – 756,789 57.60% 6 8,026 0.61% – 1,498 0.11% – 8,073 0.61% – −217,281 −16.54% 1,313,894 [471] Mo. 1,253,014 41.41% – 1,718,736 56.80% 10 41,205 1.36% – 8,283 0.27% – 4,724 0.16% – −465,722 −15.39% 3,025,962 [472] Mont. 244,786 40.55% – 343,602 56.92% 3 15,252 2.53% – – – – 34 0.01% – −98,816 −16.37% 603,674 [473] Neb. † 374,583 39.17% – 556,846 58.22% 2 20,283 2.12% – [o] [o] – 4,671 0.49% – −182,263 −19.06% 956,383 [474] NE-1 132,261 41.09% – 180,290 56.01% 1 7,495 2.33% – [o] [o] – 1,840 0.57% – −48,029 −14.92% 321,886 NE-2 176,468 51.95% 1 154,377 45.45% – 6,909 2.03% – [o] [o] – 1,912 0.56% – 22,091 6.50% 339,666 NE-3 65,854 22.34% – 222,179 75.36% 1 5,879 1.99% – [o] [o] – 919 0.31% – −156,325 −53.02% 294,831 Nev. 703,486 50.06% 6 669,890 47.67% – 14,783 1.05% – – – – 17,217 1.23% – 33,596 2.39% 1,405,376 [t][475] N.H. 424,921 52.71% 4 365,654 45.36% – 13,235 1.64% – 217 0.03% – 2,155 0.27% – 59,267 7.35% 806,182 [476] N.J. 2,608,335 57.33% 14 1,883,274 41.40% – 31,677 0.70% – 14,202 0.31% – 11,865 0.26% – 725,061 15.94% 4,549,353 [r][477] N.M. 501,614 54.29% 5 401,894 43.50% – 12,585 1.36% – 4,426 0.48% – 3,446 0.37% – 99,720 10.79% 923,965 [478] N.Y. 5,230,985 60.86% 29 3,244,798 37.75% – 60,234 0.70% – 32,753 0.38% – 26,056 0.30% – 1,986,187 23.11% 8,594,826 [u][s][480] N.C. 2,684,292 48.59% – 2,758,775 49.93% 15 48,678 0.88% – 12,195 0.22% – 20,864 0.38% – −74,483 −1.35% 5,524,804 [481] N.D. 114,902 31.76% – 235,595 65.11% 3 9,393 2.60% – [o] [o] – 1,929 0.53% – −120,693 −33.36% 361,819 [482] Ohio 2,679,165 45.24% – 3,154,834 53.27% 18 67,569 1.14% – 18,812 0.32% – 1,822 0.03% – −475,669 −8.03% 5,922,202 [483] Okla. 503,890 32.29% – 1,020,280 65.37% 7 24,731 1.58% – – – – 11,798 0.76% – −516,390 −33.09% 1,560,699 [484] Ore. 1,340,383 56.45% 7 958,448 40.37% – 41,582 1.75% – 11,831 0.50% – 22,077 0.93% – 381,935 16.08% 2,374,321 [485] Pa. 3,458,229 50.01% 20 3,377,674 48.84% – 79,380 1.15% – [r] [r] – [r] [r] – 80,555 1.16% 6,915,283 [r][486] R.I. 307,486 59.39% 4 199,922 38.61% – 5,053 0.98% – [o] [o] – 5,296 1.02% – 107,564 20.77% 517,757 [487] S.C. 1,091,541 43.43% – 1,385,103 55.11% 9 27,916 1.11% – 6,907 0.27% – 1,862 0.07% – −293,562 −11.68% 2,513,329 [488] S.D. 150,471 35.61% – 261,043 61.77% 3 11,095 2.63% – – – – – – – −110,572 −26.16% 422,609 [489] Tenn. 1,143,711 37.45% – 1,852,475 60.66% 11 29,877 0.98% – 4,545 0.15% – 23,243 0.76% – −708,764 −23.21% 3,053,851 [490] Texas 5,259,126 46.48% – 5,890,347 52.06% 38 126,243 1.12% – 33,396 0.30% – 5,944 0.05% – −631,221 −5.58% 11,315,056 [v][493] Utah 560,282 37.65% – 865,140 58.13% 6 38,447 2.58% – 5,053 0.34% – 19,367 1.30% – −304,858 −20.48% 1,488,289 [494] Vt. 242,820 66.09% 3 112,704 30.67% – 3,608 0.98% – 1,310 0.36% – 6,986 1.90% – 130,116 35.41% 367,428 [s][w][495] Va. 2,413,568 54.11% 13 1,962,430 44.00% – 64,761 1.45% – [o] [o] – 19,765 0.44% – 451,138 10.11% 4,460,524 [496] Wash. 2,369,612 57.97% 12 1,584,651 38.77% – 80,500 1.97% – 18,289 0.45% – 34,579 0.85% – 784,961 19.20% 4,087,631 [497] W.Va. 235,984 29.69% – 545,382 68.62% 5 10,687 1.34% – 2,599 0.33% – 79 0.01% – −309,398 −38.93% 794,731 [498] Wis. 1,630,866 49.45% 10 1,610,184 48.82% – 38,491 1.17% – 1,089 0.03% – 17,411 0.53% – 20,682 0.63% 3,298,041 [499] Wyo. 73,491 26.55% – 193,559 69.94% 3 5,768 2.08% – [o] [o] – 3,947 1.43% – −120,068 −43.38% 276,765 [500] Total 81,268,867 51.31% 306 74,216,747 46.86% 232 1,865,720 1.18% – 404,021 0.26% – 626,329 0.40% – 7,052,120 4.45% 158,381,684 Sources Biden/Harris Democratic Trump/Pence Republican Jorgensen/Cohen Libertarian Hawkins/Walker Green Others Margin Total votes Note: Two states (Maine and Nebraska) allow for their electoral votes to be split between candidates by congressional districts. The winner within each congressional district gets one electoral vote for the district. The winner of the statewide vote gets two additional electoral votes.[501][502] Close states States where the margin of victory was under 1% (37 electoral votes; all won by Biden): Georgia, 0.24% – 16 electoral votes Arizona, 0.31% – 11 Wisconsin, 0.63% – 10 States where the margin of victory was between 1% and 5% (86 electoral votes; 42 won by Biden, 44 by Trump): Pennsylvania, 1.16% – 20 electoral votes North Carolina, 1.35% – 15 Nevada, 2.39% – 6 Michigan, 2.78% – 16 Florida, 3.36% – 29 States/districts where the margin of victory was between 5% and 10% (80 electoral votes; 17 won by Biden, 63 by Trump): Texas, 5.58% – 38 electoral votes Nebraska's 2nd congressional district, 6.50% – 1 Minnesota, 7.11% – 10 New Hampshire, 7.35% – 4 Maine's 2nd congressional district, 7.44% – 1 Ohio, 8.03% – 18 Iowa, 8.20% – 6 Maine, 9.07% – 2 Blue denotes states (or congressional districts) won by Democrat Joe Biden; red denotes those won by Republican Donald Trump. Maps Preliminary election results by county Voter demographics Voter demographic data for 2020 were collected by Edison Research for the National Election Pool, a consortium of ABC News, CBS News, MSNBC, CNN, Fox News, and the Associated Press. The voter survey is based on exit polls completed by 15,590 voters in person as well as by phone.[503] 2020 presidential election by demographic subgroup (Edison exit polling)[504] Demographic subgroup Biden Trump % of total vote Total vote 51 47 100 Ideology Liberals 89 10 24 Moderates 64 34 38 Conservatives 14 85 38 Party Democrats 94 5 37 Republicans 6 94 36 Independents 54 41 26 Gender Men 45 53 48 Women 57 42 52 Marital status Married 46 53 56 Unmarried 58 40 44 Gender by marital status Married men 44 55 30 Married women 47 51 26 Unmarried men 52 45 20 Unmarried women 63 36 23 Race/ethnicity White 41 58 67 Black 87 12 13 Latino 65 32 13 Asian 61 34 4 Other 55 41 4 Gender by race/ethnicity White men 38 61 35 White women 44 55 32 Black men 79 19 4 Black women 90 9 8 Latino men 59 36 5 Latino women 69 30 8 Other 58 38 8 Religion Protestant/Other Christian 39 60 43 Catholic 52 47 25 Jewish 76 22 2 Other religion 69 29 8 None 65 31 22 White evangelical or born-again Christian Yes 24 76 28 No 62 36 72 Age 18–24 years old 65 31 9 25–29 years old 54 43 7 30–39 years old 51 46 16 40–49 years old 54 44 16 50–64 years old 47 52 30 65 and older 47 52 22 Age by race Whites 18–29 years old 44 53 8 Whites 30–44 years old 41 57 14 Whites 45–59 years old 38 61 19 Whites 60 and older 42 57 26 Blacks 18–29 years old 89 10 3 Blacks 30–44 years old 78 19 4 Blacks 45–59 years old 89 10 3 Blacks 60 and older 92 7 3 Latinos 18–29 years old 69 28 4 Latinos 30–44 years old 62 34 4 Latinos 45–59 years old 68 30 3 Latinos 60 and older 58 40 2 Others 57 38 8 Sexual orientation LGBT 64 27 7 Heterosexual 51 48 93 First time voter Yes 64 32 14 No 49 49 86 Education High school or less 46 54 19 Some college education 51 47 23 Associate's degree 47 50 16 Bachelor's degree 51 47 27 Postgraduate degree 62 37 15 Education by race White college graduates 51 48 32 White no college degree 32 67 35 Non-white college graduates 70 27 10 Non-white no college degree 72 26 24 Education by race/gender White women with college degrees 54 45 14 White women without college degrees 36 63 17 White men with college degrees 48 51 17 White men without college degrees 28 70 18 Non-whites 71 26 33 Income Under $30,000 54 46 15 $30,000–49,999 56 44 20 $50,000–99,999 57 42 39 $100,000–199,999 41 58 20 Over $200,000 44 44 7 Union households Yes 56 40 20 No 50 49 80 Military service Veterans 44 54 15 Non-veterans 53 45 85 Issue regarded as most important Racial inequality 92 7 20 81 15 17 Economy 17 83 35 Crime and safety 27 71 11 Health care 62 37 11 Region East 58 41 20 Midwest 47 51 23 South 46 53 35 West 57 41 22 Area type Urban 60 38 29 Suburban 50 48 51 Rural 42 57 19 Family's financial situation today Better than four years ago 26 72 41 Worse than four years ago 77 20 20 About the same 65 34 39 The Brookings Institution released a report entitled "Exit polls show both familiar and new voting blocs sealed Biden's win" on November 12, 2020. In it, author William H. Frey attributes Obama's 2008 win to young people, people of color, and the college educated. Frey contends Trump won in 2016 thanks to older whites without college degrees.[505] Frey says that the same coalitions largely held in 2008 and 2016, although in key battleground states Biden increased his vote among some of the 2016 Trump groups, particularly among whites and older Americans.[505] Trump won the white vote in 2016 by 20% but in 2020 by only 17%. The Democratic Party won black voters by 75%, the lowest margin since 2004. Democrats won the Latino vote by 33%, which was lower than the 2004 margin, and they won the Asian American vote by 27%, the lowest figure since 2008.[505] Biden increased the Democratic share of white men without college educations from 42% to 48% in 2016, and he made a slight improvement of 2% among white, college-educated women. People age 18 to 29 registered a rise in Democratic support between 2016 and 2020, with the Democratic margin of victory among that demographic increasing from 19% to 24%.[505] Voting patterns by ethnicity Latino voters Voto Latino reported that the Latino vote was crucial to the Biden victory in Arizona. 40% of Latino voters who voted in 2020 did not vote in 2016, and 73% of Latino voters voted for Biden (438,000 voters).[506] Others note that the failure of Democrats to win in Florida and Texas was because of the Biden campaign's treatment of Latinos as a monolithic voting bloc. While Democrats won most Latino voters in both of these states, they failed to win over Cuban American voters in Miami-Dade County, Florida and fourth-and-fifth generation, English-speaking Tejanos in South Texas at the rates they had in the past.[507] Even in Nevada, which Biden won, he failed to do as well among Hispanics as Bernie Sanders had done in the February caucus, largely because Sanders asked for their vote, but Biden did not;[507] however, without Latino support, Biden would have failed to carry the state.[508] Demographic patterns emerged having to do with country of origin and candidate preference. Pre- and post-election surveys showed Biden winning Latinos of Mexican, Puerto Rican, Dominican,[509] and Spanish heritage,[510] while Trump carried Latinos of Cuban heritage. Data from Florida showed Biden holding a narrow edge among South Americans.[511] Black voters Biden won 90% of the Black vote, and his total votes among Blacks even exceeded that of Barack Obama in 2008. This vote was crucial in the large cities of Pennyslvania and Michigan; the increase in the Democratic vote in Milwaukee County of about 28,000 votes was more than the 20,000-vote lead Biden had in the state of Wisconsin. Almost half of Biden's gains in Georgia came from the four largest counties—Fulton, DeKalb, Gwinnett, and Cobb—all in the Atlanta metro area with large Black populations.[512] However, Trump also improved on his share of the black vote in 2016 by 4% and doubled the black vote Mitt Romney got in 2012.[citation needed] Asian American and Pacific Island voters Polls showed that 68% of Asian American and Pacific Island voters (AAPI voters) supported Biden-Harris while 28% supported Trump-Pence. "From all of the data that we’ve seen, it’s safe to say Asian Americans supported Biden over Trump ... backing Democrats at a roughly 2:1 ratio," says Karthick Ramakrishnan, a political science professor at the University of California Riverside and founder of AAPI Data. However, this overall tendency overlooks differences among particular ethnic groups: Korean Americans, Japanese Americans, Indian Americans, and Chinese Americans favored Biden by higher margins overall compared to groups including Vietnamese Americans and Filipino Americans. Many voters were turned off by Trump's racist language ("China virus" and "kung flu"), but others appreciated his strong anti-China stance. Many Indian Americans self-identified with Kamala Harris, but others approved of Donald Trump's anti-Muslim rhetoric and support of Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi.[513] American Indian and Alaska Native voters Pre-election voter surveys by Indian Country Today found Native voters were overwhelmingly supporting Democratic nominee Joe Biden.[514] In particular, the Navajo Reservation, which spans a large quadrant of eastern Arizona and western New Mexico, delivered sometimes 97% of their votes per precinct to Biden,[515] while overall support for Biden was between 60 and 90% on the Reservation.[516] Biden also posted large turnout among Havasupai, Hopi, and Tohono O'odham peoples,[517] delivering a large win in New Mexico and flipping Arizona. In Montana, while the state went for Trump overall, counties overlapping reservations of the Blackfeet, Fort Belknap, Crow and Northern Cheyenne went blue.[518] The same pattern holds in South Dakota: counties overlapping the lands of the Standing Rock Sioux, Cheyenne River Sioux, Oglala Sioux, Rosebud Sioux and Crow Creek tribes went for Biden. For example, in Oglala Lakota County, which overlaps with the Pine Ridge Indian Reservation, Biden scored 88% of the vote.[518] Trump's strongest performance was among the Lumbee Tribe of North Carolina, where he won a strong majority in Robeson County and flipped Scotland County from blue to red.[519] Trump had campaigned in Lumberton and promised the Lumbees federal recognition.[519] Viewership Legend[520] Cable news network Broadcast network Total television viewers 8:00 to 11:00 p.m. EST Network Viewers Fox News 13,638,000 CNN 9,084,000 MSNBC 7,310,000 ABC 6,095,000 NBC 5,633,000 CBS 4,344,000 Fox 3,278,000 Total cable TV viewers 6:00 p.m. to 3:00 a.m. EST Network Viewers Fox News 10,533,000 CNN 6,771,000 MSNBC 5,404,000 Television viewers 25 to 54 8:00 to 11:00 p.m. EST Network Viewers Fox News 4,901,000 CNN 4,444,000 NBC 2,510,000 MSNBC 2,381,000 ABC 2,283,000 CBS 1,663,000 Fox 1,608,000 Cable TV viewers 25 to 54 6:00 p.m. to 3:00 a.m. EST Network Viewers Fox News 3,853,000 CNN 3,312,000 MSNBC 1,739,000 Polling accuracy Although polls generally predicted the Biden victory, the national polls were moderately imprecise by about 3–4 points, and some state polling was even further from the actual result, even bigger than 2016's error of around 1-2 points. This also applied in several Senate races, where the Democrats also underperformed by around 5 points relative to the polls,[521] as well as the House elections, where Republicans gained seats instead of losing as polls predicted. Most pollsters underestimated support for Trump in several key battleground states, including Florida, Iowa, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Michigan, Texas and Wisconsin; a notable exception was Ann Selzer, who accurately predicted Republican victories in Iowa for the presidential and Senate races. The discrepancy between poll predictions and the actual result persisted from the 2016 election despite pollsters' attempts to fix problems with polling in 2016, in which they underestimated the Republican vote in several states. The imprecise polls led to changes in campaigning and fundraising decisions for both Democrats and Republicans.[522] According to The New York Times, polling misses have been attributed to, among other issues, reduced average response to polling; the relative difficulty to poll certain types of voters; and pandemic-related problems, such as a theory which suggests Democrats were less willing to vote in person on Election Day than Republicans for fear of contracting -19.[522] New Statesman data journalist Ben Walker pointed to Hispanics as a historically difficult group to poll accurately, leading to pollsters underestimating the level of Trump support within the demographic group.[523] Election analyst Nate Silver of FiveThirtyEight claimed that the polling error was completely normal by historical standards and disputes the narrative that polls were wrong.[524] Controversies See also: Disputes surrounding the 2020 United States presidential election results Election protests Further information: 2020 United States election protests Protests against Trump's challenges to the election results took place in Minneapolis, Portland, New York, and other cities. Police in Minneapolis arrested more than 600 demonstrators for blocking traffic on an interstate highway. In Portland, the National Guard was called out after some protesters smashed windows and threw objects at police.[525] At the same time, groups of Trump supporters gathered outside of election centers in Phoenix, Detroit, and Philadelphia, shouting objections to counts that showed Biden leading or gaining ground.[525] In Arizona, where Biden's lead was shrinking as more results were reported, the pro-Trump protesters mostly demanded that all remaining votes be counted, while in Michigan and Pennsylvania, where Trump's lead shrank and disappeared altogether as more results were reported, they called for the count to be stopped.[526] False claims of fraud See also: Stop the Steal and Republican reactions to Donald Trump's claims of 2020 election fraud Trump and a variety of his surrogates and supporters made a series of false claims that the election was fraudulent. Claims that substantial fraud was committed have been repeatedly debunked.[527][528] On November 9 and 10, The New York Times called the offices of top election officials in every state; all of the 45 state officials who responded stated that there was no evidence of fraud. Some described the election as remarkably successful considering the  pandemic, the record turnout, and the unprecedented number of mailed ballots.[19] On November 12, the Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency issued a statement calling the 2020 election "the most secure in American history" and noting "[t]here is no evidence that any voting system deleted or lost votes, changed votes, or was in any way compromised".[21] During the week following the election, Trump repeatedly claimed that he had won the election.[529][530] As ballots were still being counted two days after Election Day, Trump asserted without evidence that there was "tremendous corruption and fraud going on," adding, "If you count the legal votes, I easily win. If you count the illegal votes, they can try to steal the election from us."[531] Trump has claimed repeatedly that the mail-in ballots being heavily pro-Biden is suspicious.[532] This is a common phenomenon known as the blue shift, since more Democrats than Republicans tend to vote by mail, and mail ballots are counted after Election Day in many states. Leading up to the 2020 election the effect was predicted to be even greater than usual, as Trump's attacks on mail voting might have deterred Republicans from casting mail ballots.[533] Many claims of purported voter fraud were discovered to be false or misleading. In Fulton County, Georgia the number of votes affected was 342, with no breakdown of which candidates they were for.[534] A viral video of a Pennsylvania poll worker filling out a ballot was found to be a case of a damaged ballot being replicated to ensure proper counting, while a video claimed to show a man taking ballots illegally to a Detroit counting center was found to be actually depicting a photographer transporting his equipment.[535][536] Another video of a poll watcher being turned away in Philadelphia was found to be real, but the poll watcher had subsequently been allowed inside after a misunderstanding had been resolved.[537] A tweet that went viral claimed that 14,000 votes in Wayne County, Michigan—which encompasses Detroit—were cast by dead people, but the list of names included was found to be incorrect.[538] The Trump campaign and Tucker Carlson also claimed a James Blalock had voted in Georgia despite having died in 2006, though his 94-year-old widow had registered and voted as Mrs. James E. Blalock.[539] In Erie, Pennsylvania, a postal worker who claimed that the postmaster had instructed postal workers to backdate ballots mailed after Election Day later admitted he had fabricated the claim. Prior to his recantation, Republican senator Lindsey Graham cited the claim in a letter to the Justice Department calling for an investigation, and the worker was praised as a patriot on a GoFundMe page created in his name that raised $136,000.[540] Days after Biden had been declared the winner, White House press secretary Kayleigh McEnany asserted without evidence that the Democratic Party was welcoming fraud and illegal voting.[541] Republican former speaker of the House Newt Gingrich stated on Fox News, "I think that it is a corrupt, stolen election."[542] Appearing at a press conference outside a Philadelphia landscaping business as Biden was being declared the winner, Trump's personal attorney Rudy Giuliani asserted without evidence that hundreds of thousands of ballots were questionable.[543] Responding to Giuliani, a spokesperson for Pennsylvania Attorney General Josh Shapiro said "Many of the claims against the commonwealth have already been dismissed, and repeating these false attacks is reckless. No active lawsuit even alleges, and no evidence presented so far has shown, widespread problems."[19] One week after the election, Republican Philadelphia city commissioner Al Schmidt said he had not seen any evidence of widespread fraud, stating, "I have seen the most fantastical things on social media, making completely ridiculous allegations that have no basis in fact at all and see them spread." He added that his office had examined a list of dead people who purportedly voted in Philadelphia but "not a single one of them voted in Philadelphia after they died." Trump derided Schmidt, tweeting, "He refuses to look at a mountain of corruption & dishonesty. We win!"[544] Attorneys who brought accusations of voting fraud or irregularities before judges were unable to produce actual evidence to support the allegations. In one instance, a Trump attorney sought to have ballot counting halted in Detroit on the basis of a claim by a Republican poll watcher that she had been told by an unidentified person that ballots were being backdated; Michigan Court of Appeals judge Cynthia Stephens dismissed the argument as "inadmissible hearsay within hearsay."[545][546] Some senior attorneys at law firms working on Trump's behalf, notably Jones Day, expressed concerns that they were helping to undermine the integrity of American elections by advancing arguments lacking evidence.[547] Trump and his lawyers Giuliani and Sidney Powell repeatedly made the false claim that the Toronto, Canada-based firm Dominion Voting Systems, which had supplied voting machines for 27 states, was a "communist" organization controlled by billionaire George Soros, former Venezuelan president Hugo Chávez (who died in 2013), or the Chinese Communist Party, and that the machines had "stolen" hundreds of thousands of votes from Trump. The bogus claims about the company circulated on social media, amplified by more than a dozen tweets or retweets by Trump. The disinformation campaign prompted threats and harassment against Dominion employees.[548] A December 2020 poll showed 77% of Republicans believe widespread fraud occurred during the election. 35% of independent voters also said they believe widespread voter fraud took place.[549] Lawsuits Main articles: Pre-election lawsuits related to the 2020 United States presidential election and Post-election lawsuits related to the 2020 United States presidential election After the election, the Trump campaign filed a number of lawsuits in multiple states, including Georgia, Michigan, Nevada, and Pennsylvania.[550] Lawyers and other observers have noted the suits are unlikely to have an effect on the outcome. Loyola Law School professor Justin Levitt said, "There's literally nothing that I've seen yet with the meaningful potential to affect the final result".[551] Some law firms have moved to drop their representation in lawsuits challenging results of the election.[552] Texas v. Pennsylvania Main article: Texas v. Pennsylvania On December 9, the Attorney General of Texas filed a lawsuit in the Supreme Court of the United States, asking the court to overturn the results in Michigan, Pennsylvania, Wisconsin, and Georgia. Attorney generals of seventeen other states also signed onto the lawsuit.[553][554][555] 126 Republicans in the House of Representatives, more than two-thirds of the Republican caucus, signed an amicus brief in support of the lawsuit.[556] The suit was rejected by the Supreme Court on December 11.[557][558] On December 12, as a result of the Supreme Court decision, there were calls that the involved GOP members not be seated in Congress based on the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution.[559][560] Trump's refusal to concede Early in the morning on November 4, with vote counts still going on in many states, Trump claimed that he had won.[561] For weeks after the networks had called the election for Biden, Trump refused to acknowledge that Biden had won. Biden described Trump's refusal as "an embarrassment".[562] The General Services Administration (GSA) was blocking preparations for a transfer of power from proceeding.[563] The White House ordered government agencies not to cooperate with the Biden transition team in any way.[564] Starting in 1896 when William Jennings Bryan began the tradition of formal concession by sending a congratulatory telegram to President-elect William McKinley, every losing major party presidential candidate has formally conceded.[565] Trump acknowledged Biden's victory in a tweet on November 15, although he refused to concede and blamed his loss on fraud, stating: "He won because the Election was Rigged." Trump then tweeted: "I concede NOTHING! We have a long way to go."[566][567] GSA delays certifying Biden as president-elect Although all major media outlets called the election for Biden on November 7, the head of the General Services Administration (GSA), Trump appointee Emily W. Murphy, refused for over two weeks to certify Biden as the president-elect. Without formal GSA certification or "ascertainment" of the winner of the election, the official transition process was delayed.[568] On November 23, Murphy acknowledged Biden as the winner[x] and said the Trump administration would begin the formal transition process. Trump said he had instructed his administration to "do what needs to be done" but did not concede, and indicated he intended to continue his fight to overturn the election results.[570] Suggestion to have state legislatures choose Electoral College voters Prior to and following the election, Trump and others within the Republican Party have considered asking Republican state legislatures to select their states' electors as a way to secure a Trump reelection, in the event of a Biden victory.[571][572][573] In Pennsylvania, the president's personal lawyer Rudy Giuliani asked a federal judge to consider ordering the state legislature to select the electors.[574] Legal experts, including New York University law professor Richard Pildes, have said that such a strategy would run into numerous legal and political problems, noting that in various battleground states, Democratic Party members elected to statewide offices would thwart such efforts,[571] and ultimately Congress likely would not accept the votes of legislatively appointed electors over those appointed based on the election results.[575] Lawrence Lessig noted that while the Constitution grants state legislatures the power to determine how electors are selected, including the power to directly appoint them, Article II, Section 1, Clause 4 gives Congress the power to determine when electors must be appointed, which they have designated to be Election Day, meaning that legislatures cannot change how electors are appointed for an election after this date.[576] In modern times, most states have used a popular vote within their state as the determining factor in who gets all of the state's electors,[571] and changing election rules after an election has been conducted could also violate the Constitution's Due Process Clause.[577] Attempts to delay or deny election results Texas v. Pennsylvania motion (left), which called for the Supreme Court to nullify the election, and amicus curiae brief from 17 states (right) On November 18, it was reported that Trump had decided to focus his efforts on delaying vote certifications. Trump maintained that he would win the election and said in a tweet, "Important News Conference today by lawyers on a very clear and viable path to victory. Pieces are very nicely falling into place. RNC at 12:00 P.M."[578] The two Republican members of Wayne County, Michigan's canvassing board voted against certifying its election results before reversing and certifying them. Trump praised their initial action, saying on Twitter: "Wow! Michigan just refused to certify the election results! Having courage is a beautiful thing. The USA stands proud!" After the initial refusal drew severe condemnation and the two Republican canvassers were widely publicly denounced the board reversed course and certified the results for Biden.[579] One of the Republicans on the Board of County Canvassers had suggested certifying areas of Wayne County outside the City of Detroit. However, because the residents of Detroit are mostly black and the areas of Wayne County outside Detroit are mostly white, questions were raised of racial motives for refusing to certify the vote.[580] After signing off on certification of the Wayne County election result, the two Republican members of the Board were contacted by the Trump campaign. The following day, they both signed affidavits stating they wanted to rescind their vote to certify.[581] Senate Majority Leader Mike Shirkey and House Speaker Lee Chatfield arrived at the White House on November 20 amid the standoff.[582][583] On November 25, one day after Pennsylvania certified its election results, a Republican state senator requested a hearing of the State Senate Majority Policy Committee to discuss election issues. During the meeting, Rudy Giuliani claimed that the election had been subject to massive fraud. Trump also spoke to the group by speakerphone, and claimed he won in Pennsylvania and other swing states.[584] Similar hearings took place in Arizona on November 30 and Michigan on December 2.[585][586] On December 2, Trump posted a 46 minute video to his social media. The speech, filmed in the White House, claimed the election was "rigged" and repeated numerous falsehoods and allegations of fraud that have been repeatedly rejected by multiple courts in several states. He repeatedly called for either the state legislatures or the courts to overturn the results of the election and allow him to stay in office.[587] Trump continued to apply pressure to elected Republicans in an unprecedented attempt to overturn the election result. On December 5, 2020, hours before attending a rally in Georgia, Trump called Georgian governor Brian Kemp and tried to pressure him to recall the legislature to overturn the election result.[588] On December 8, 2020, it was reported that Trump had called the Pennsylvania speaker of the house twice in the past week, asking him to ignore the popular vote of the state and select electors that would vote for Trump in the electoral college. This marked the third state Trump had directly intervened in to overturn a result he lost.[589] Many commentators described Trump's actions as an attempted coup d'état or self-coup.[27][590][591][592][593][594][595] On December 15, one day after the electoral college vote, Republican Senate Majority leader Mitch McConnell, who was previously among those who would not recognize the election results, publicly accepted Biden's win, stating "Today, I want to congratulate President-elect Joe Biden."[596] Recounts On November 11, Georgia Secretary of State Brad Raffensperger ordered a statewide hand recount of the vote in addition to the normal audit process. At the time, Biden held a lead of 14,112 votes, or 0.3% in the state.[597] The audit was concluded on November 19 and affirmed Biden's lead by 12,670 votes. (The change in the count was due to a number of human errors, including memory cards that did not upload properly to the state servers, and was not attributable to any fraud in the original tally.)[598] After certifying the results Republican Governor Brian Kemp called for another hand audit, demanding to compare signatures on absentee ballot requests to actual ballots, despite the fact that this request was impossible,[599] as signatures on mail-in ballot applications and envelopes are checked when they are originally received by election offices, and that ballots are thereafter separated from envelopes to ensure the secrecy of the ballot.[600][601] The Trump campaign requested a machine recount, which was estimated to cost taxpayers in $200,000 one Georgia county alone.[602] This recount reaffirmed Biden's victory in the state for the third time.[599] Trump unsuccessfully sought to overturn Biden's win in Georgia through litigation; suits by the Trump campaign and allies were rejected by both the Georgia Supreme Court[603] and the federal courts.[599][604] Trump also sought to overturn Biden's win by pressuring Kemp to call a special session of the Georgia General Assembly so that state legislators could override the Georgia election results and appoint a pro-Trump slate of electors, an entreaty rebuffed by Kemp.[605] On November 18, the Trump campaign wired $3 million to pay for partial recounts in Milwaukee County and Dane County, Wisconsin, where Milwaukee and Madison, the two largest cities in the state and Democratic strongholds, are located.[606] During the recount, Milwaukee County election commissioner Tim Posnanski stated that several Republican observers were breaking rules by posing as independents. The recount started November 20[607] and concluded on November 29, with the recount increasing Biden's lead by 87 votes.[608] Electoral votes The presidential electors met in the state capital of each state and in the District of Columbia on December 14, 2020, and formalized Biden's victory, casting 306 votes for Biden/Harris and 232 votes for Trump/Pence.[609][610] There were no faithless electors.[611] In six swing states won by Biden, groups of self-appointed Republican "alternate electors" met on the same day to vote for Trump. These alternate slates were not signed by the governors of the states they claim to represent, did not have the backing of any state legislature, and have no legal status, but they could be introduced during the official Congressional count of electoral votes on January 6, 2021.[610][612] Even after the casting of the electoral votes, and rejection of his lawsuits seeking to overturn the election by at least 86 judges,[610] Trump refused to concede defeat.[609][610][613] In a speech following the Electoral College vote, Biden praised the resiliency of U.S. democratic institutions and the high election turnout (calling it "one of the most amazing demonstrations of civic duty we've ever seen in our country") and called for national unity. Biden also condemned Trump, and those who backed his efforts to subvert the election outcome, for adopting a stance "so extreme that we've never seen it before—a position that refused to respect the will of the people, refused to respect the rule of law and refused to honor our Constitution" and for exposing state election workers and officials to "political pressure, verbal abuse and even threats of physical violence" that was "simply unconscionable."[614][613] Other disruptions are not expected until January 6, when one or more Republicans in the House of Representatives are expected to challenge the electoral vote from several swing states. Any challenge can only be debated if it is signed by both a representative and a senator, and it is only accepted if approved by both houses of Congress, which is extremely unlikely, given that the House of Representatives has a Democratic majority.[615][616][617] See also icon Modern history portal icon Politics portal flag United States portal 2020 United States gubernatorial elections Big lie – propaganda technique used for political purpose International reactions to the 2020 United States presidential election Social media in the 2020 United States presidential election Notes  Most states allowed early voting in person or by mail, with the earliest state starting on September 4.[1] Most voters voted before November 3, most of them by mail.[2]  Trump's official state of residence was New York in the 2016 election but has since changed to Florida, with his permanent residence switching from Trump Tower to Mar-a-Lago in 2019.[4]  These Electoral College results will be officially tallied by Congress on January 6, 2021.  The previous two female vice presidential nominees were Geraldine Ferraro in 1984 and Sarah Palin in 2008.  Candidate did not appear on any ballots.  Although claimed in Hawkins's campaign website, he did not obtain write-in access in Montana.[174]  Candidates in bold were listed on ballots of states representing most of the electoral college. Other candidates were listed on ballots of more than one state and were listed on ballots or were write-in candidates in most states or in states representing most of the electoral college.  In some states, some presidential candidates were listed with a different or no vice presidential candidate.  In some states, some candidates were listed with a different or additional party, a label, or as independent or unaffiliated.  Andrew Johnson received votes during the 1868 Democratic National Convention, four months after having been impeached.[200]  Following the cancellation of the planned second debate on October 9, both candidates held separate but simultaneous televised town hall events on the intended date of October 15. Trump's was broadcast on NBC, moderated by Savannah Guthrie, while Biden's was on ABC, moderated by George Stephanopoulos.[352]  Calculated by taking the difference of 100% and all other candidates combined.  Calculated by taking the difference of 100% and all other candidates combined.  Tossup: 50%–59%, Lean: 60%–74%, Likely: 75%–94%, Solid: 95%–100%  This candidate may have received write-in votes, which were not reported individually and are included in others.  Votes for Jesse Ventura and Cynthia McKinney, who were nominated to the ballot by the Green Party of Alaska instead of the national candidates,[446] are included in others. Hawkins/Walker may have received write-in votes, which were not reported individually and are also included in others.  The percentages reported by this state did not reflect write-in votes. Following the practice of the Federal Election Commission,[453] they are reflected in this table.  Write-in votes have not yet been reported and are not reflected in total votes or percentages.  The percentages or total votes reported by this state included blank or overvotes. Following the practice of the Federal Election Commission,[453] only valid votes are reflected in this table.  Others and total votes include votes for the ballot option "none of these candidates", which are counted as valid votes by the Federal Election Commission.[453]  This table reflects the results certified by the state, which recorded fewer votes in Suffolk County than those reported by the county.[479]  This table reflects the results certified by the state, which recorded some write-in votes differently from those reported by some counties.[491][492]  A few write-in votes for candidates also listed on the ballot were not included in their main count.  "[T]he GSA Administrator ascertains the apparent successful candidate once a winner is clear based on the process laid out in the Constitution."[569] References  Knight, Stef W.; Ahmed, Naema (August 13, 2020). "When and how to vote in all 50 states". Axios.  McDonald, Michael (November 6, 2020). 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"Trump asks Pennsylvania House speaker for help overturning election results, personally intervening in a third state". The Washington Post.  Gongloff, Mark (November 19, 2020). "Trump's Coup Attempt Will Be a Very Costly Failure". Bloomberg. Archived from the original on November 20, 2020. Retrieved November 22, 2020.  Johnson, Ron (October 8, 2020). "Opinion | An American Coup Attempt". The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on November 18, 2020. Retrieved November 22, 2020.  Gessen, Masha. "The Coup Stage of Donald Trump's Presidency". The New Yorker. Archived from the original on November 22, 2020. Retrieved November 22, 2020.  McCarthy, Tom (November 11, 2020). "'It must be made to fail': Trump's desperate bid to cling to power". The Guardian. Archived from the original on November 22, 2020. Retrieved November 22, 2020.  Tufekci, Zeynep (December 7, 2020). "'This Must Be Your First'". The Atlantic. Retrieved December 8, 2020.  Scarborough, Charles Joseph (December 1, 2020). "Morning Joe" (Interview). Interviewed by Scarborough, Mika Emilie Leonia Brzezinski. MSNBC. Just so people who think this, to call this a coup is hyperbolic, or an attempted coup, you just look at the definition in Wikipedia: it says, “Typically, it's an illegal, unconstitutional attempt to seize power by a political faction”. Definition of a coup. Of course, if he's already in power, it'd be an “autocoup”. But at the same time, you look at the definition, and if... I guess I would just say to Trump defenders, if it's not an attempted coup, if it's not an “illegal unconstitutional attempt to seize power by a political faction” when he's trying to call people to the White House to get them to change their votes, trying to call the Governor of Arizona to try to stop him from doing legally what he has to do which is to certify the election results, trying to get those in Michigan and Wayne County to illegally not certify the votes there... if Republicans don't think it's a coup or doesn't fit this definition of a coup in all four corners then I'd love to hear what they would call it.  "McConnell for the first time recognizes Biden as President-elect". CNN. December 15, 2020. Retrieved December 15, 2020.  Cassidy, Christina A. (November 12, 2020). "EXPLAINER: Is Georgia's upcoming ballot 'audit' a recount?". Associated Press. Retrieved November 22, 2020.  Speunt, Barbara (November 19, 2020). "Georgia's Recount Confirms Biden's Lead; AP Declares Him State's Winner". NPR. Retrieved November 22, 2020.  Chandelis Duster (December 7, 2012). "Georgia reaffirms Biden's victory for 3rd time after recount, dealing major blow to Trump's attempt to overturn the results". CNN.  Linton, Caroline (November 21, 2020). "Georgia governor calls for audit after state certifies election results". CBS News. Retrieved November 22, 2020.  Brumback, Kate (November 20, 2020). "Georgia officials certify election results showing Biden win". Associated Press.  Jester, Julia; Romero, Dennis (November 21, 2020). "Trump campaign asks for another Georgia recount". NBC News. Retrieved November 22, 2020.  David Wickert (December 13, 2020). "Georgia Supreme Court rejects Trump appeal". Atlanta Journal Constitution.  Josh Gerstein (November 19, 2020). "Federal judge rejects Trump ally's bid to block election certification in Georgia". Politico.  Amy Gardner, Colby Itkowitz & Josh Dawsey (December 5, 2020). "Trump calls Georgia governor to pressure him for help overturning Biden's win in the state". Washington Post.  Breuninger, Kevin; Mangan, Dan (November 18, 2020). "Trump campaign requests partial Wisconsin recount, deposits $3 million to challenge Biden victory". CNBC. Retrieved November 22, 2020.  Deese, Kaelan (November 21, 2020). "Milwaukee officials accuse Trump observers of obstructing recount". The Hill. Retrieved November 22, 2020.  Marley, Patrick (November 29, 2020). "Biden gains 87 votes in Trump's $3 million Wisconsin recount as Dane County wraps up review. President plans lawsuit". Milwaukee Journal Sentinel.  "Electoral College makes it official: Biden won, Trump lost". Associated Press. December 14, 2020. Retrieved December 14, 2020.  Haisten Willis, Jeremy Duda, Kathleen Masterson & David A. Fahrenthold (December 14, 2020). "As electoral college formalizes Biden's win, Trump backers hold their own vote". Washington Post.  Hutzler, Alexandra (December 14, 2020). "Electoral College Cements Joe Biden's Victory With Zero Faithless Electors". Newsweek. Retrieved December 14, 2020.  Riccardi, Nicholas (December 14, 2020). "Why Trump's latest Electoral College ploy is doomed to fail". The Washington Post. Retrieved December 15, 2020.  Jonathan Easley, Biden rips Trump's refusal to concede after Electoral College vote, The Hill (December 14, 2020).  Lauren Gambino, Biden hails democracy and rebukes Trump after electoral college victory, The Guardian (December 14, 2020).  Fandos, Nicholas; Schmidt, Michael S. (December 13, 2020). "Trump Allies Eye Long-Shot Election Overturn in Congress, Testing Pence". New York Times. Retrieved December 13, 2020.  Sonmez, Felicia (December 13, 2020). "After Supreme Court dismisses Texas case, Trump says his efforts to challenge election results are 'not over'". The Washington Post. Retrieved December 13, 2020.  Bump, Philip (December 14, 2020). "Trump's two remaining points of leverage on the election and how he may use them: An FAQ". The Washington Post. Retrieved December 14, 2020. Further reading Karni, Annie (October 12, 2020). "The Crowded, Competitive World of Anti-Trump G.O.P. Groups". The New York Times. Retrieved November 8, 2020. Wasserman, Dave (October 1, 2020). "Trump Is Winning the Voter Registration Battle Against Biden in Key States". NBC News. Retrieved November 8, 2020. Witte, Griff; Kelley, Pam; Spolar, Christine (October 11, 2020). "As Trump Stumbles, Voters Finalize Their Choices, and Biden's Lead Grows". The Washington Post. Retrieved November 8, 2020. 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